The ultimate souce of energy for the food chain is solar energy from the sun. It allows plants to convert the solar energy to chemical energy for growth. The growing plants in turn allow heterotropic animals to consume them to obtain energy of their own.
B. An ecosystem in which plant roots are submerged during parts of the years
Organic molecules can form in a reducing atmosphere. Good luck.
Years would be the independent variable because any sort of time is usually the independent variable.