Answer: a. decreases the present and future risk to human properties
Explanation:
Properties along the coasts can be in danger when high tides come in. This can however be mitigated by walls protecting those properties as it would take a significantly high tide (flood proportion) to scale those walls and come in and damage the property.
These walls therefore not only decrease the present risk to human properties but if maintained, decrease the future risks as well.
Answer:
A model in which oak has a positive transition rate to the invasive and the invasive has a positive transition to oak.
Explanation:
An invasive species is the one which is non-native to the given ecosystem. Its growth hampers balanced ecological parameters and disturbs food web as well as normal flora.The overall effect of invasive species is decreasing biodiversity in selected ecosystem. As the ecologist needs to understand effect of this invasive species, firstly it is important to understand the transition of oak tress to invasive form. The transition rate is one of the deciding factor to introduce diversity in ecosystem. Also if the invasive form has the ability to revert back to original oak tress it would restore the original ecosystem. Thus a model in which oak has a positive transition rate to invasive and the invasive has a position transition to oak can be selected for the analysis. In other models, the final trnasition to grass would introduce lot of biodiversity in selected ecosystem which would be of little importance to understand transition rate.
