Assuming the bolded words are: <em>"for strong bones and teeth"</em> and that you had to choose between:
- <em>noun phrase</em>
- <em>adverb phrase</em>
- <em>verb phrase</em>
- <em>adjective phrase</em>
It is an adjective phrase (4).
An adjective phrase is a group of words complementing, specifying, or modifying a 'head' adjective in the sentence. It is called an adjective (or adjectival) phrase because the whole group of words functions as an adjective, which means it provides information about a noun.
Here, the adjective phrase "for strong bones and teeth" is specifying the head adjective "essential." It is functioning as an adjective for the noun "calcium" by giving us information about it.
I think the preposition is the word (about).
