At specific points in historical time periods, African Americans were seen merely as work objects. African Americans were seen as 3/4th of a person, a little more a little less. These ideald were not extended to them for others believed they were not "humans" and other unsatisfying terms.
Answer:
Judical Review:
The federal courts' most important power is that of judicial review, the authority to interpret the Constitution. When federal judges rule that laws or government actions violate the spirit of the Constitution, they profoundly shape public policy.
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I read 1989 instead of 1889 when I answered this question I'm really sorry about that
