Pituitary dwarfism is caused by problems arising from the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland, also called the hypophysis, is a gland at the base of the brain that produces many different hormones. This gland is divided into the anterior (front) and posterior (back) halves. The anterior pituitary produces six hormones: growth hormone, adrenocorticotropin (corticotropin), thyroid stimulating hormone (thyrotropin), prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone, and lutenizing hormone. The posterior pituitary gland only produces two hormones: antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) and oxytocin.
The growth process begins in the lower part of the forebrain in a small organ called the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus releases hormones that regulate the production of other hormones. When the hypothalamus releases growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), the anterior pituitary is stimulated to release growth hormone (GH). Growth hormone then acts on the liver and other tissues and stimulates them to secrete insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). IGF-1 directly promotes the development of bone and muscle, causing bones to grow in length, and muscles to increase protein synthesis (make more protein).
Since growth is a complex phenomenon, it may be slowed down or stopped by abnormalities arising at any point in the process. Thus, dwarfism can result if there is a deficiency in any of these hormones, if there is a failure in the receptor cells receiving the hormonal stimuli, or if the target cells are unable to respond.
At its most basic, pituitary dwarfism results from decreased production of hormones by the anterior pituitary. When none of the hormones of the anterior pituitary are adequately produced, this is called panhypopituitarism. A common form of pituitary dwarfism is due to deficiencies in the production of growth hormone (GH). When less GH than normal is produced during childhood, an individual's arms, legs, and other structures continue to develop in normal proportions, but at a decreased rate.
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By the term "condensed", this refers to the density of a state of matter. As a rule of thumb, solids are the most dense because their molecules are very close together. Next is liquids because they flow compared to solids. The least dense are gases. Therefore, a change from a more condensed state to a less condensed state is boiling (liquid to gas).
Explanation:
An amino acid is an organic molecule that is made up of a basic amino group (−NH2), an acidic carboxyl group (−COOH), and an organic R group (or side chain) that is unique to each amino acid.
Answer:
Tissue fluid consists of water, ions, and dissolved gases and food substances, which is formed when blood is ultrafiltered from the capillaries into the intercellular spaces. The tissue fluid surrounds the body cells, facilitating the exchange of nutrients and waste materials. It helps bring oxygen and nutrients to cells and to remove waste products from them. As new tissue fluid is made, it replaces older fluid, which drains towards lymph vessels.
Lymph is a colorless fluid containing white blood cells, which bathes the tissues and drains through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream. It is essentially tissue fluid that has entered a lymphatic capillary. Lymph formation depends upon tissue fluid formation.
Explanation:
Answer:
The correct answer will be option-B.
Explanation:
Transfer RNA or tRNA is the RNA molecule associated with the protein synthesis as it adds the specific amino acids to the nascent growing polypeptide.
The structure of the tRNA molecule resembles the shape of a clover leaf and is known as the clover leaf model. The structure contains hydrogen-bonded stems and associated loops. The stems include acceptor stem which posses CCA 3'-terminal group to attach amino acids. The anticodon loop contains an amino acid attachment site. T and D loop contains modified pseudouridine and dihydrouridine.
Thus, Option-B is the correct answer.
