The answer would be the 2nd option.
The answer would be D) California.
the Italian peninsula was a politically fragmented conglomeration of states. This was the case when the United States announced its independence from Great Britain in 1776. When war broke out between Austria and the Revolutionary French Government in 1792, the French invaded the Italian peninsula, consolidated many of the Italian states, and established them as republics. In 1799 the Austrian and Russian armies pushed the French out of the Italian peninsula, which led to the demise of the fledgling republics.
After Napoleon’s rise to power,
I'm not sure if I remember correctly, but I believe it's C.) Passing laws that apply to actions taken before the law was passed.
