Long-term potentiation (LTP) is considered a cellular correlate of learning and memory. The presence of G protein-activated inwardly rectifying K(+) (GIRK) channels near excitatory synapses on dendritic spines suggests their possible involvement in synaptic plasticity. However, whether activity-dependent regulation of channels affects excitatory synaptic plasticity is unknown. In a companion article we have reported activity-dependent regulation of GIRK channel density in cultured hippocampal neurons that requires activity oF receptors (NMDAR) and protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) and takes place within 15 min. In this study, we performed whole-cell recordings of cultured hippocampal neurons and found that NMDAR activation increases basal GIRK current and GIRK channel activation mediated by adenosine A(1) receptors, but not GABA(B) receptors. Given the similar involvement of NMDARs, adenosine receptors, and PP1 in depotentiation of LTP caused by low-frequency stimulation that immediately follows LTP-inducing high-frequency stimulation, we wondered whether NMDAR-induced increase in GIRK channel surface density and current may contribute to the molecular mechanisms underlying this specific depotentiation. Remarkably, GIRK2 null mutation or GIRK channel blockade abolishes depotentiation of LTP, demonstrating that GIRK channels are critical for depotentiation, one form of excitatory synaptic plasticity.
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Well, scientists depend on science.They use the process of observation. But there are processes for these. The processes are;
Asking a question; Scientists wonder how specific happenings can be explained, they look for an answer.
They perform research; the scientists study the particular thing, and look for reasons for a particular happening.
They form a hypothesis; a hypothesis is a statement which is not universally true, they are observations that haven't been agreed upon.
They test their hypothesis; they perform experiments to find out if their hypothesis is true.
They analyse the data and draw a conclusion; they record their hypothesis and write down their end result.
They pass across their result; they pass their new observation across to other people.
Hope i helped. Have a nice day.
Answer:
A. distress is the correct answer.
Explanation:
Marissa suffers from panic disorder, where she experiences unpredictable, unbearable episodes of panic that closely resemble the symptoms of a heart attack.(This description of her disorder represent distress)
Panic disorder is a stress disorder described by reoccurring sudden panic attacks.
Distress is a situation of severe stress or tension, usually caused by different factors such as failure in the exam, teasing, personal problems, loss of a job, etc.
Distress due to panic or anxiety affects a person's chance of undergoing cardiovascular problems such as stroke, heart attack, and health problems.
Distress changes in the process of blood clots and increases the blood pressure level, weaken the heart muscle that increases the problem of heart attack.
<span>The correct answer is A. atoms. Atoms are studied by physics and chemistry, not by ecology. Ecology studies organisms, populations, and the earth in terms of climate, pollution prevention, natural habitats and biomes, and all kinds of similar things that are related to living on earth. Atoms are irrelevant for the study of ecology.</span>
