Observed learning is the learning that is obtained from observing action and behavior of other people around the environment. Carefully noticing their work and then imitating the same behavior that is learned is the process.
According to the question,Tina is displaying observed learning which is she gained from her father's situation in which he tries to keep away from dogs due to dog caused injury in his childhood. Thus, observing her father,Tina repeats same behavior.
"Traffic flow in the city improves" is the one circumstances among the choices given in the question that <span>would be a positive externality. The correct option among all the options that are given in the question is the fourth option or the last option. I hope that this is the answer that has come to your great help.</span>