The publication about the effect of orthodontic forces on cytokine and receptor levels in gingival fluid investigates how this treatment can increase inflammation.
<h3>What are cytokines?</h3>
Cytokines are molecules of the immune system that act during different types of immune responses, especially in inflammatory pathways.
Cytokines are mainly secreted by helper T immune cells (T cells) and macrophages.
In this case, the publication above mentioned uses different cytokine biomarkers to test inflammatory responses after orthodontic treatment (e.g., IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8, etc).
In conclusion, the publication about the effect of orthodontic forces on cytokine and receptor levels in gingival fluid investigates how this treatment can increase inflammation.
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Answer:
compression and rarefaction
Explanation:
This kind of wave is called a longitudinal wave and an example of such a wave is a sound wave. The center of compression can be analogous to the top of a crest of a transverse wave while the center of the rarefaction would be analogous to the bottom of the trough of a transverse wave.
Answer:
The process which must occur when intending to work with research animals that are covered by the U.S federal regulations is ethical review and approval
Explanation:
Some animals had been threatened of extinction due to inconsiderate usage and killings due to either commercial, food, or research purpose. The U.S government, therefore, to prevent the extinction of such animals, formulated a law to restrict the engagement of these animals, even in research if the research will involve the slaughtering, injuring, or alter the physiological functions of the subject animals. Therefore, there has been needing to undergo a compulsory ethical review process when planning to undertake research. This process will objectively review the aims and objectives of the intended research, the methodology involved in achieving the aim, as stated in the research proposal. The importance of this review is to determine if the research will have deleterious effects on the animals, both spontaneously and in the future.
A Jaguarundi would be considered a Secondary Consumer. They are predators, but they can also become prey.
The sentence that describes an example of natural selection would be D. Cheetahs with longer legs are more likely to capture prey.
