On number one you could say dirt seeing as dirt is another word for earth because it makes up earth
"severe weather conditions" are the only things than can be reasonably well predicted with the help of science. Of course the accuracy of these predictions varies greatly.
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The organ that living things such as fish use to extract dissolved oxygen from water are the gills. As land animals and humans don't have gills, we can't breath underwater and take in the oxygen from that source.
A microscope because it needs to be magnified
