Mining refers to the process of extracting minerals such as coal, chalk, limestone, etc that are usually placed on underground deposits. Because of this, mining often involves excavation, although other methods use substances and chemicals to extract the mineral. In all of this cases, the natural properties of the soil are negatively affected as vegetation is often removed along with multiple soil layers, this leads to soil erosion due to the damage in the soil and the lack of vegetation that make the soi dry and in most case infertile. Therefore, one way mining for mineral resources damages land is by increasing soil erosion.
They must occur in the DNA, which is in each cells nucleus. More specifically the nucleolus of the cell. A mutation occurs in an allele, where a base triplet (or a codon) gets transcribed incorrectly.
