A warning sign. cross road ahead. Slow down look carefully in all directions
Answer:
The Miller and Urey experiment is a well-known classic experiment in which hypothetical conditions of the early Earth's evolution were simulated to test the possibility of chemical evolution. In fact, this was an experimental test of the hypothesis previously expressed by Alexander Oparin and John Haldane that the conditions that existed on primitive Earth promoted chemical reactions that could lead to the synthesis of organic molecules from inorganic ones. It was held in 1953 by Stanley Miller and Harold Urey. The apparatus designed for the experiment included a mixture of gases corresponding to the notion of the composition of the atmosphere of the early Earth in the 1950s, and electric discharges passing through it (simulating lightning strikes on the ground). The Miller and Urey experiment is considered one of the most important experiments in the study of the origin of life on Earth.
Answer:
A
Explanation:
Golgi apparatus is an organelle in eukaryotic cells that stores and modifies (might include addition of sugar groups) proteins and lipids for certain functions and prepare them for transport to other parts of the cell.
In the Endoplasmic reticulum, proteins fold into into their correct shape. Some of them are transported to the Golgi apparatus in membrane vesicles. Some proteins need to do their jobs in the Golgi (they are said to be Golgi-resident). They are transported from the golgi appratus to their final destinations through a secretory pathway. It involves sorting proteins into different kinds of transport vesicles, which emanate from the trans Golgi network and deliver their contents to the appropriate cellular locations.
Proteins that are membrane embedded are conveyed to the plasma membrane (integral membrane proteins) by constitutive secretion. Proteins can divert from constitutive secretion pathway and be targeted towards other destinations such as lysosomes (as lysosomal proteins) and regulated secretion from cells (to the cell exterior).
Answer:
The product of glycolysis is two molecules of pyruvate. It is a three-carbon compound. This pyruvate again undergoes oxidation in the cytoplasm. This process is called pyruvate oxidation which produces Acetyl CoA. The Acetyl CoA is a two-carbon molecule.
Acetyl CoA again used for the citric acid cycle. This is also called as Kreb's cycle / TCA cycle. Because citric acid has 3 carboxylic groups. The acetyl coenzyme produces NADH, FADH2, ATP. The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondrial membrane. This is an 8 step process. The first product is citric acid. The other products of each step are isocitrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, succinyl CoA, succinate, Fumarate, L - malate, and Oxaloacetate (OAA).
Another process of aerobic respiration is the electron transport chain ( ETS). Here the energy stored in NADH, FADH2 in the citric acid cycle are utilized. It is a chain of electron carriers. ETS occurs in the inner membrane of mitochondria.
In short, the glucose splits by glycolysis and produces ATP, NADPH, and final product pyruvate. The pyruvate is oxidized and forms acetyle coenzyme. This is used in the TCA / citric acid cycle. In this process also NADH, FADH2 which forms electrons are produced. Theses electrons are carried by different electron carriers and accepted by oxygen.
In the process of pyruvate oxidation 6 ATP, and in Kreb's cycle 18 ATPs, in ETS, 4 ATPs are produced. In addition to this in glycolysis produces 4 ATPs. The total number of ATP in aerobic respiration is 32 ATP.
