Answer:
A. the refusal of southern states to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment
Explanation:
Towards the American Civil war that lasted between 1861 to 1865. There was constant tension between the federal government and the Southern colonies on the issue of slavery.
Hence, given that thirteen amendments were about slavery abolition and which was not ratified by the south.
Therefore, the fight for the balance of power which is influenced by the issue of slavery led to the federal government's decision to divide the South in this way.
I believe if you are talking about 9/11 the answer would be Pennsylvania
Both forced people to convert to their respective religions and this was the way in which the influence of Christianity and Islam on post classical society similar. The correct option among all the options that are given in the question is the first option or option "a".