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myrzilka [38]
3 years ago
5

What are flying buttresses? Describe how and why they are used.

English
1 answer:
Pepsi [2]3 years ago
6 0

Answer:

The flying buttress (arc-boutant, arch buttress) is a specific form of buttress composed of an arch that extends from the upper portion of a wall to a pier of great mass, in order to convey to the ground the lateral forces that push a wall outwards, which are forces that arise from vaulted ceilings of stone and from wind-loading on roofs.

The defining, functional characteristic of a flying buttress is that it is not in contact with the wall at ground level, unlike a traditional buttress, and so transmits the lateral forces across the span of intervening space between the wall and the pier. To provide lateral support, flying-buttress systems are composed of two parts: (i) a massive pier, a vertical block of masonry situated away from the building wall, and (ii) an arch that bridges the span between the pier and the wall — either a segmental arch or a quadrant arch — the flyer of the flying buttress

Explanation:

As a lateral-support system, the flying buttress was developed during late antiquity and later flourished during the Gothic period (12th–16th c.) of architecture. Ancient examples of the flying buttress can be found on the Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna and on the Rotunda of Galerius in Thessaloniki. The architectural-element precursors of the medieval flying buttress derive from Byzantine architecture and Romanesque architecture, in the design of churches, such as Durham Cathedral, where arches transmit the lateral thrust of the stone vault over the aisles; the arches were hidden under the gallery roof, and transmitted the lateral forces to the massive, outer walls. By the decade of 1160, architects in the Île-de-France region employed similar lateral-support systems that featured longer arches of finer design, which run from the outer surface of the clerestory wall, over the roof of the side aisles (hence are visible from the outside) to meet a heavy, vertical buttress rising above the top of the outer wall.

Flying buttress of Reims Cathedral, as drawn by Villard de Honnecourt

The advantage of such lateral-support systems is that the outer walls do not have to be massive and heavy in order to resist the lateral-force thrusts of the vault. Instead, the wall surface could be reduced (allowing for larger windows, glazed with stained glass), because the vertical mass is concentrated onto external buttresses. The design of early flying buttresses tended to be heavier than required for the static loads to be borne, e.g. at Chartres Cathedral (ca. 1210), and around the apse of the Saint Remi Basilica, which is an extant, early example in its original form (ca. 1170). Later architects progressively refined the design of the flying buttress, and narrowed the flyers, some of which were constructed with one thickness of voussoir (wedge brick) with a capping stone atop, e.g. at Amiens Cathedral, Le Mans Cathedral, and Beauvais Cathedral.

The architectural design of Late Gothic buildings featured flying buttresses, some of which featured flyers decorated with crockets (hooked decorations) and sculpted figures set in aedicules (niches) recessed into the buttresses. In the event, the architecture of the Renaissance eschewed the lateral support of the flying buttress in favour of thick-wall construction. Despite its disuse for function and style in construction and architecture, in the early 20th century, the flying-buttress design was revived by Canadian engineer William P. Anderson to build lighthouses

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The correct answer is the C. Constitution for the United States of America.

Explanation

A preamble is a part of the introductory part of a law in which the reasons for which it originated are contextualized and exposed. According to the foregoing, the preamble of the United States allows us to know the context in which the Constitution originated and its purpose as a normative framework of a nascent nation. So the correct answer is the "C. Constitution for the United States of America" because fragment clearly establishes the purpose of this document.

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yulyashka [42]

Here are the correct matches for the rhetorical devices and the given statements:

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4. EUPHEMISM: I have some bad new, I've been let go.

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6. PARADOX: I am a liar. That is the truth.

Explanation:

Rhetorical devices are words that are used in specific manner to pass across specific messages. There are about 24 different types of rhetorical devices, some of them are given in this question.

Hyperbole: is a rhetorical device that is used to make exaggerated statements in order to pass across message about the magnitude of a thing, but the statements are not meant to be taken literally. For instance in the question given above, there is no way a shot will be fired in one corner of the world and be heard around the whole world, thus, statement 1 is an hyperbole.

  Metaphor: refers to a figure of speech that directly compare an object to another object without using words such as 'like' and 'as'. Statement 2 is a metaphor because it compares the new students to crop.

Oxymoron: is a figure of speech that make use of contradictory terms; opposites ideas are joined together to produce specific effect. For instance,  statement 3 is an oxymoron. The statement is talking about chaos and control, which are opposite to each other.

Euphemism: is a figure of speech that uses a mild world to replace one that is considered to be too harsh. Statement 4 is an euphemism, instead of the person to say that he has been fired, he said he has been let go.

Understatement: This is a figure of speech that uses words to reduce the importance or magnitude of a thing. Statement 5 is an understatement; a surgery that removes brain tumor is always a big and serious operation and not a little operation as the statement implies.

Paradox: This is a figure of speech that is contradictory in nature, but it is often found to be true. The sixth statement is a paradox; this is because although the words are contradictory in nature, it is talking about the true character of the individual.  

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