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Effectus [21]
3 years ago
8

Nswer

Biology
1 answer:
Lera25 [3.4K]3 years ago
8 0

a. The error rate of DNA replication is 1.0 × 10^-8  per base pair. This is considering that a human has approximately 3 billion base pairs where mutations can occur. However, this mutation is kept low by the proof-reading mechanism of DNA polymerases which are 99% efficient.


b. Given that the human genome is 3.2 × 109 bp, this means that there are on average 0.32 new substitutions every time the complete genome is replicated. In humans, there are about 30 cell generations between zygote and egg cells and about 400 cell divisions between a zygote and mature sperm. Thus, in males, the sperm cells have about 128 new mutations and the haploid egg genome has about 10 new mutations for a total of 138 new mutations in every new zygote.


c. Considering the above-mentioned mutation rates of approximately 1 and 2 mutations per 100 million base pairs between generations, then there will be approximately 130 mutations per generation. This means I will probably have about 130 different nucleotide bases from that of my parents.


<span>d. Siblings at an average of 50%, grandparents at an average of 25%; aunts/ uncles at an average of 25%; and  first cousins at 12.5%.
</span>


<span />

<span>f. You  are approximately different from the other random person by one SNP per 1000 bases. The human genome is about 3 Gbps long and therefore about 3 million SNPs among two random people.</span> With about 20,000 genes each having a coding sequence (exons) about 1.5 kb long (i.e. about 500 amino acids long protein on average), the human coding sequence covers 30 Mbp or about 1 percent of the genome. If SNPs were randomly distributed along the genome that will suggest about 30,000 SNP across the genome coding sequence or just over 1 per gene coding sequence.


g. Humans carry on average one to two mutations that, if inherited from both parents, can cause severe genetic disorders or death before reaching reproductive age. These mutations are what are referred to as recessive alleles of a gene.


<span>h. Mosaicism refers to individuals with genetically distinct cell lines that originated from a single zygote, whereas chimerism refers to those who originated from more than one zygote. Microchimerism  is the co-existence of two genetically different cell populations in one organism, of which one occurs in a very low number. </span>






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Summarize key differences between allopatric and sympatric speciation. Which type of speciation is more common and why? Describe
algol13

Q1: Summarize key differences between allopatric and sympatric speciation.

As we know, the term speciation refers to the process of emergence of new specie on earth due to increase in the genetic diversity of the gene pool of an organism. Allopatric and sympatric are basically mechanisms through which speciation occurs in the world and below are the major differences between these two:

  • In Allopatric speciation, there is a physical barrier between two populations due to which no genetic exchange or gene flow can occur between two population to lead the formation of two new specie over the course of time, on the other hand, in sympatric speciation, two species live in the same geographical area and there is no physical barrier between them, but due to certain traits like preference of certain shelter or food or zygotic incompatibility they donot mate much and eventually develop into new separate species.
  • Allopatric speciation is basically nature driven and operates through natural selection, while sympatric is driven through the mechanism of polyploidy when chromosome set is replicated.
  • Allopatric speciation is common in both plants and animals, while

       sympatric is common in plants.

  • In Allopatric speciation the rate of emergence of new specie is slow fast but in sympatric speciation it is relatively faster.
  • The example of allopatric speciation is the formation of new species of Darwin's finches in Galapagos Island, while the example of sympatric speciation is Alloploid species of Wheat.

---------------------------------------

Q2: Which type of speciation is more common and why?

Allopatric speciation is more common in nature as compared to Sympatric because the main factor leading to speciation in Allopatry is geographical barriers while in the latter one they are nature induced gene flow in population living in same area. Hence geographical barriers are more powerful factor that greatly lessens the transfer of genes in a population while in Sympatry the reduction in genetic flow is less because after all population is living in same habitat.

Here we can take an example of Galapagos Island finches, which were a same specie of finches but when they were isolated through geographical barrier, there were remarkable difference created in the novel species of finches as compared to parent specie. On the other, If we think about the novel varieties of Wheat plants that arise through polyploidy, this polyploidy is only restricted to plants and donot occurs in animals and therefore it is less common.

-----------------------------

Q # 3: Describe two mechanisms that can decrease gene flow in sympatric populations, thereby making sympatric speciation more likely to occur

The two possible mechanisms that can reduce genetic flow in symatric populations are:

1: Changes in chromosome: As we just discussed the example of polyploidy in wheat in which chromosome set is duplicated and new species are formed, in this way they are not able to breed with original parental population and this makes process of Sympatric speciation more likely to occur.

2: Habitat differentiation and sexual selection: This is the second major cause that can lead to Sympatric speciation, What happens in it that some members of a population (the cause is not known) have better preference for a certain place or habitat rather than other and some due to zygotic incompatibility cannot produce offspring due to which they are slightly isolated and with the passage of time give rise to separate specie and ultimately favors sympatric speciation mechanism.

---------------------------------------

Q 4:  Is allopatric speciation more likely to occur on an island close to a mainland or on a more isolated island of the same size? Explain your prediction.

Allopatric Speciation is less likely to occur in an Island close to a mainland and more likely to occur on an Isolated Island, The reason again lies in the definition of Symaptric speciation. When the Island is in close proximity of mainland, obviously there will be a continuous genetic flow between mainland and Island because of their less distance and less chances of genetic divergence. On the other hand if they are suitably separated through a substantial distance, there will be more chances that some members of specie will acclimatize new area better and with the passage of time, will evolve into new species.

Hope it helps!

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3 years ago
A female may neglect, kill or eat their offspring because of ______<br> HELPPP PLEASEEE
Georgia [21]

Answer:

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Explanation:

8 0
2 years ago
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Imagine a microbial cell that normally carries out aerobic respiration has encountered a low oxygen environment and may die if t
weeeeeb [17]

Answer:

a. Oxygen performs an essential role in the mentioned microbial cell in a manner that it takes part in the procedure of glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain, which eventually assists in the production of energy from food substrates and this generation of energy helps the cell to survive.  

In the existence of oxygen, sugar gets dissociated through glycolysis to generate pyruvate, which again in the existence of oxygen is transformed into acetyl CoA. This moves into the Krebs cycle and gets dissociated to water and carbon dioxide generating ATP through ETC. This generation of ATP helps the cell to survive.  

In low oxygen surrounding or in the absence of oxygen, some of the aerobic microbes can switch their respiratory pathway and carry on the process of fermentation and anaerobic respiration to produce energy and thrive. However, the mentioned microbial cell, which when it comes in contact with the low oxygen environment cannot carry out fermentation process and would die eventually.  

b. This organism can be classified as obligate aerobes as they always need oxygen and do not possess the tendency to carry out the process of anaerobic respiration or fermentation under the absence of oxygenic environment.  

7 0
3 years ago
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Irina18 [472]

Answer:

False, I think it has it’s own purpose somehow, it’s made for no reason

Explanation:

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3 0
2 years ago
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masteringbio JFor each of the studies described below, indicate if it is hypothesis driven and whether the scientist is employin
juin [17]

Incomplete question. The remaining part of the question read;

Words in the left column:

  • Yes
  • No
  • Observational
  • Manipulative

1. A physiologist incubates eggs in the lab at a range of temperatures to see what temperatures produce males and what temperatures produce females.

2. A biologist predicts that shade might influence ground temperature, and therefore turtle sex ratios. He records the sex ratio of turtle hatchlings in shaded and unshaded regions

3. An ecologist predicts turtles grow larger when no predators are around. She places turtles in an experimental pond system where half the ponds have predators and half the ponds have had the predators removed.

4. A climatologist predicts that concentration of CO2 in a city will be negatively correlated with the amount of wind in that city. He collects data and looks at the amount of CO2 in a city as a function of the wind speed in the city.

5. A sociologist conducts a survey in Hawaii to describe people's attitudes about global climate change.

6. A scientist determines the average wind speed, and variation in the amount of wind, in a number of locations to see which locations would be most suitable for wind turbines

<u>Answer/Explanation:</u>

1. <u>Hypothesis-driven?</u> Yes!

<u>Observational or Manipulative?</u> Observational.

We can make this conclusion here that the physiologists' research is hypothesis-driven since we are told he wanted to <em>"see what temperatures produce males and what temperatures produce females." </em>In other words, he wanted to know whether the temperature used in incubators can influence the sex of an egg by means of observation.

2. <u>Hypothesis-driven?</u> Yes!

<u>Observational or Manipulative?</u> Observation.

3.  <u>Hypothesis-driven?</u> Yes!

<u>Observational or Manipulative?</u> Manipulative.

We can make the conclusion that is the ecologist used the manipulative method in her research since she decided to place the turtles in two different types of ponds; one where half the ponds have predators while in the other the pond the predators have been removed. In other words, she manipulated the independent variables.

4. <u>Hypothesis-driven?</u> Yes!

<u>Observational or Manipulative?</u> Observational.

Note, the use of the word, "predicts" in most instances underscores the tone of hypothesis-driven research, hence we can say Yes! And remember, we are told the researcher "collects data", meaning he is merely observing differences that occur naturally.

5. <u>Hypothesis-driven?</u> No!

<u>Observational or Manipulative?</u> Observational.

<u>6. Hypothesis-driven?</u> No!

<u>Observational or Manipulative?</u> Observational.

5 0
3 years ago
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