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Effectus [21]
3 years ago
8

Nswer

Biology
1 answer:
Lera25 [3.4K]3 years ago
8 0

a. The error rate of DNA replication is 1.0 × 10^-8  per base pair. This is considering that a human has approximately 3 billion base pairs where mutations can occur. However, this mutation is kept low by the proof-reading mechanism of DNA polymerases which are 99% efficient.


b. Given that the human genome is 3.2 × 109 bp, this means that there are on average 0.32 new substitutions every time the complete genome is replicated. In humans, there are about 30 cell generations between zygote and egg cells and about 400 cell divisions between a zygote and mature sperm. Thus, in males, the sperm cells have about 128 new mutations and the haploid egg genome has about 10 new mutations for a total of 138 new mutations in every new zygote.


c. Considering the above-mentioned mutation rates of approximately 1 and 2 mutations per 100 million base pairs between generations, then there will be approximately 130 mutations per generation. This means I will probably have about 130 different nucleotide bases from that of my parents.


<span>d. Siblings at an average of 50%, grandparents at an average of 25%; aunts/ uncles at an average of 25%; and  first cousins at 12.5%.
</span>


<span />

<span>f. You  are approximately different from the other random person by one SNP per 1000 bases. The human genome is about 3 Gbps long and therefore about 3 million SNPs among two random people.</span> With about 20,000 genes each having a coding sequence (exons) about 1.5 kb long (i.e. about 500 amino acids long protein on average), the human coding sequence covers 30 Mbp or about 1 percent of the genome. If SNPs were randomly distributed along the genome that will suggest about 30,000 SNP across the genome coding sequence or just over 1 per gene coding sequence.


g. Humans carry on average one to two mutations that, if inherited from both parents, can cause severe genetic disorders or death before reaching reproductive age. These mutations are what are referred to as recessive alleles of a gene.


<span>h. Mosaicism refers to individuals with genetically distinct cell lines that originated from a single zygote, whereas chimerism refers to those who originated from more than one zygote. Microchimerism  is the co-existence of two genetically different cell populations in one organism, of which one occurs in a very low number. </span>






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Explanation:

Crossing over, or genetic recombination contributes to genetic variation and diversity.

In early Prophase I of meiosis, crossing over occurs. This is the exchange of segments of chromosome, between non-sister homologous or similar chromatids crossing over happens at chiasmata, the point where non-sister chromosomes are joined. The chromosome pairs form tetrads held together at chiasmata.

Further Explanation:

All the genetic information within the eukaryotic cell is stored within the nucleus as helical DNA. This DNA is tightly wound around histones as chromosomes. To produce daughter cells, the chromosomes (total number of chromosomes (2n)) are copied before the cell splits into two daughter cells. This process is known as mitosis, and occurs in cell division and growth processes. Two new nuclei are formed, along with identical cells. These are the same as the parent cell and the chromosome number (2n) is maintained. Conversely in meiosis, the number of chromosomes (2n) is halved through meiotic divisions, producing 4 (n) germ cells (sperm or eggs), each containing half the number of chromosomes as its parent cell.

During the process of prophase I one the nuclear envelope containing chromosomes has only partly broken down homologous chromosomes are joined together by proteins and a complex or pairing call synapsis- corresponding genes on chromatids are aligned precisely. The syanpsis allows for crossing over which is the exchange of segments of chromosome, between non-sister homologous or similar chromatids crossing over happens at chiasmata, the point where non-sister chromosomes are joined.

Crossing over contributes to genetic variation and diversity; novel gene combinations in gametes are formed, which are not present in parent chromosomes. Genetic diversity describes all the genetic characteristics or traits within a species.

Learn more about mitosis at brainly.com/question/4303192

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Answer:

The test statistic for this hypothesis test is - 3.68.

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