Nominating conventions replaced the caucuses (which was led by the congress) so when nominating conventions made it to where delegated from the states could vote, it let more citizens participate in choosing from the presidential candidates, this influenced the democratic government greatly.
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western schism was a splitt in the Catholic church between 1378 and 1417 while the victory of Charles Martel in the battle of tours was the victory of Christians over Spanish moors which stopped Muslim advances to Eastern Europe.
Explanation
Western schism occurred due to the conflicts in the Catholic church and two men simulatneously claimed to be the pope.The rivalry defamed the Catholic church and came to an end in 1418.
Battle of tours was much different from western schism because it was not a conflict within a religious authority but a conflict between two kingdoms.
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