- 20 cycles of PCR is necessary for the amplification target sequence
Mass is proportional to sequence length.
Let one base pair have mass M.
Thus,
will have mass 
And the 3.2kb target will have a mass of
For the total amount of amplified target sequence to constitute 50% (by mass) of the total DNA in the reaction mixture, it has to be amplified to such an extent that the total mass of the amplicon matter is also 
PCR amplification happens geometrically, doubling the DNA target with each cycle.
Thus, if the number of cycles in N,
Then,
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Answer:
The Trachea
Explanation:
The oral cavity aids in the transport of air when may be obstruction in the nasal cavity.
The Rib cage aids in the movements of respiratory inspiration and expiration through the intercostal muscles and other estructures.
The Diaphragm aids in the regulation of the respiratory movements and the input and output of air into the lungs.
The Trachea is actually a main passage of air to the bronchi and then to the lungs, so it is not an accessory structure, it is a main structure needed for the process of respiration.
Answer:
They will be more likely to visit Dr. Wright based on how Dr. Hubble’s description of the two. Dr. Hubble’s description of Dr. Leftt was more of a warning than suggesting, “ I also want you to be aware that within the pediatric urology community there is some disagreement on the course of treatment.”
Explanation:
"I also want you to be aware that within the pediatric urology community there is some disagreement on the course of treatment.”
Answer:
Humoral immunity includes the B-cells.
Explanation:
There are two types of adaptive immunity responses. 1) cell mediated which possess of T cells
2) humoral immunity which possess of B-cells.
Humoral immunity is directed primarily against 1) toxin mediated diseases 2) certain viruses 3) infections in which virulence is related to polysaccharide capsules and to opsonize bacteria.
Role of B-cells in humoral immunity is
1) They differentiate into plasma cells and produce anitbodies
2) They are anitgen producing cells
B-cells are produced in fetal liver and in adukt life in bone marrow.
Later they are matured and undergoes through the process of clonal deletion as well.
<h3> <u>yes</u></h3>
Endotoxin is a part of virulence factor toolkit in <em>Clostridium difficile.</em>
It produces several toxins.
<h3>What type of infection is most frequently brought on by <em>
Clostridium difficile</em>?</h3>
- Today, it is understood that <em>C difficile</em> is the most typical cause of nosocomial infectious diarrhea.
- It is to blame for more than 90% of cases of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis, up to 25% of cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and up to 75% of cases of antibiotic-associated colitis.
<h3>What three signs of <em>C. diff</em> are there?</h3>
- a serious infection
- 10 to 15 times per day, with diarrhea that is watery.
- abdominal discomfort and cramps, which could be really bad.
- quick heartbeat.
- Dehydration.
- Fever.
- Nausea.
- greater number of white blood cells.
- renal failure
<h3>What results from untreated C. diff?</h3>
- The<em> Clostridium difficile</em> infection can cause sepsis, an intestinal perforation, or even death if it is not treated or is not treated effectively.
- Antibiotics such as vancomycin or metronidazole are frequently used to treat patients with severe Clostridium difficile infections.
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