Answer
The various steps in the transcription and translation process of protein synthesis are described below.
Explanation:
Proteins (made up of amino acids) have an important role in the various functioning process of an organism. Protein synthesis which takes place in the cells of an organism consists of two major processes: transcription (DNA to RNA) and translation (RNA to protein).
Transcription: It is the first process in protein synthesis which occurs in the cell nucleus where a single-stranded messenger RNA (mRNA) is created using a DNA strand and the genetic instructions in DNA are transferred to this mRNA. The steps in transcription are initiation, elongation, and termination. The beginning process known as initiation occurs when an enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a promoter (region of a gene) and the DNA unwinds. One of the DNA strands acts as a template and the enzyme reads the bases in the template DNA strand.
The next step is elongation, where the RNA polymerase builds a strand of mRNA by the addition of nucleotides using complementary base pairs. Here, adenine (A) in the DNA binds to uracil (U) in the RNA. Termination is the last step in which the transcription process ends when the RNA polymerase comes across a termination sequence in the gene. Thus, the completed single-stranded mRNA detaches from DNA.
Translation: It is the second process in protein synthesis which occurs in the ribosome of the cell where the genetic information in mRNA is used to create a protein from amino acids. A triplet of nucleotides is called a codon and they define amino acids. There are 64 possible codons and the codon, AUG acts as the start codon which initiates translation in addition to specifying the amino acid methionine. In the initiation step, the first amino acid in the polypeptide chain is brought by transfer RNAs (tRNAs) to bind to the start codon of mRNA. During elongation, each type of tRNAs in the cytoplasm bound to a specific codon on the mRNA template and adds the corresponding amino acid to the polypeptide chain. Stop codons (UAA, UAG, or UGA) terminate protein synthesis and release the polypeptide.
The number of chromosomes in the daughter cells will be the same as the original cell. This is because during mitosis, the chromosomes are replicated and then divided equally into the two daughter cells.
The daughter cells produced by mitosis have the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. This is because during mitosis, the cell duplicates its chromosomes, and each daughter cell inherits one copy of each chromosome from the parent cell. The number of chromosomes in the daughter cells will be the same as the original cell. This is because during mitosis, the chromosomes are replicated and then divided equally into the two daughter cells.
The process of mitosis begins with the replication of the cell's chromosomes. This results in each chromosome being duplicated. The cell then divides into two cells, each with the same number of chromosomes. Mitosis is important for the maintenance of the cell's genetic integrity. Without mitosis, the cell would be unable to duplicate its chromosomes and would eventually die.
Mitosis is a vital process in the life of a cell. It allows the cell to duplicate its chromosomes and to divide into two cells, each with the same number of chromosomes. This is important for the maintenance of the cell's genetic integrity.
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Answer:
jawless fish were earth 's first arthropods
Answer:
All living things are made up of one or more cells.
Explanation:
The cell theory is a universal theory proposed by three scientists viz: Theodor Schwann, Mathias Scleiden, and Rudolf Virchow in the year 1838. These three scientists contributed to the cell theory and proposed the following:
1) All living things are composed of one or more cells
2) Cell is the basic and fundamental unit of life
3) New cells arise from pre-existing cells.
However, at an earlier date specifically 1665, an English scientist named Robert Hooke has discovered and coined the term "cells" in his published book by observing a piece of cork under a microscope. This Hooke's discovery of cells from a once living cork best supports the part of the cell theory that states that: All living things are made up of one or more cells.
<span>The burning of fossil fuels, deforestation (sedimentation and the following green-house gas emissions) are two examples.More-so even is the destructive effects of globalization and urbanization on the ecosystems.</span>
