1answer.
Ask question
Login Signup
Ask question
All categories
  • English
  • Mathematics
  • Social Studies
  • Business
  • History
  • Health
  • Geography
  • Biology
  • Physics
  • Chemistry
  • Computers and Technology
  • Arts
  • World Languages
  • Spanish
  • French
  • German
  • Advanced Placement (AP)
  • SAT
  • Medicine
  • Law
  • Engineering
Jlenok [28]
3 years ago
5

Which reactions in glycolysis are physiologically irreversible?

Biology
1 answer:
bagirrra123 [75]3 years ago
5 0
The reactions of glycolysis are made up of ten steps, out of the ten step three are irreversible, this is because, these reactions have large negative free energies The three steps that are irreversible are:
1. Phosphorylation of glucose.
2. Phosphorylation of glucose 6 phosphate and 
3. Transfer of phosphate from phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP.
You might be interested in
write a paragraph explaining why it is difficult to make drugs or vaccines against HIVgiven the fact that each time reverse tran
Sunny_sXe [5.5K]

Answer:

people who are HIV positive but keep the virus in check. This research stems from the International HIV Controllers Study, and researchers hope that their findings will ultimately help inform the development of new therapies and vaccines. Over the last 30 years, scientists have discovered lots of tantalizing clues about the virus, our immune system, and the interplay between the two, but a vaccine remains elusive.

Since the epidemic emerged, 25 million people have died from AIDS and 60 million have been infected with HIV, according to the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS. AIDS was detected in California and New York in 1981, first among gay men and drug users, then in hemophiliacs who had received blood transfusions, and later in non-drug-using men, women, and children

Initially, little was known about how AIDS was transmitted, and even less was known about the virus that caused it. In 1985, the virus itself was isolated. Following this discovery, Margaret Heckler, the US Human Services Secretary at that time, famously declared, "We hope to have a vaccine [against AIDS] ready for testing in about two years."

Vaccines have worked well against once widespread diseases like smallpox and polio. After the AIDS virus was found, many people, including many scientists, thought AIDS would be added to the list. Vaccines mimic natural infections, during which the body produces antibodies that kill the virus. But unlike smallpox or polio, HIV doesn’t stimulate this kind of response – our immune systems are generally blind to the virus and unable to launch an effective antibody attack. Other challenges that scientists face as they try to create a vaccine include a lack of good animal models to study and the virus's ability to constantly change and mutate. Additionally, although controllers can keep levels of the virus low, no one has ever fully recovered from HIV infection. This means there's no natural, winning strategy for scientists to study and try to elicit.

Results from previous efforts to build a vaccine have been disappointing. Last year, an HIV vaccine trial in Thailand produced unimpressive results – by some measures, the vaccine reduced the chances of infection by 30 percent at most.

But this summer, scientists discovered three powerful antibodies against HIV and efforts are now underway to transform this discovery into treatment.

In addition to approaches that try to stimulate antibody immunity, researchers are also looking for ways to stimulate cellular immunity, or activate the other weapons in the immune system’s arsenal, like macrophages, natural killer cells, T cells, and more. Alerting the body’s immune system to HIV’s invasion may not prevent infection, but it could inhibit the disease’s progression and keep viral populations so low that there might be less risk of transmission.

One vaccine developed using this approach failed in trials, appearing to even increase some participants' susceptibility to the virus. But knowledge of what happened in that trial may help scientists create a more effective vaccine that targets cellular immunity

By looking at the interaction between the virus and hosts who are able to hold the virus at bay without the help of medicine, researchers hope to learn more about how to fight the virus. New clues from the viral and host genome may help lay a foundation for future means of combating HIV.

Explanation:

4 0
2 years ago
Areas near oceans or large lakes tend to have more moderate climates than do areas far from large bodies of water. Which of thes
Damm [24]

Answer:

B

Explanation: The specific heat of any particular substance is usually defined as the amount of heat energy that is required to raise a unit mass of the material by 1°C. The water has this high heat capacity as a result of which the water bodies such as oceans, seas, and lakes tend to become hot and cold at a much slower rate.

This is the third question of yours I've answered

3 0
3 years ago
Some species of nitrogen-fixing bacteria have adapted to grow in nodules of legumes such as peas and clover. These bacteria make
PilotLPTM [1.2K]

Answer:

Mutualism

Explanation:

Mutualism: is a relationship between individuals of different species in which both individuals benefit from each other without causing no harm. Example is the nitrogen-fixing bacteria and plants.

8 0
3 years ago
The atmosphere and oceans are in constant motion. This is because
Dmitry_Shevchenko [17]

Answer:

Due to the earth's rotation and the gravitational pull of the moon.

7 0
3 years ago
An obstruction in the glomerulus would affect the flow of blood into the:
frez [133]
An obstruction in the glomerulus would affect the flow of blood into the Efferent arteriole.
7 0
2 years ago
Other questions:
  • Which is avascular (lacks blood vessels)? epithelial tissue muscle tissue nervous tissue connective tissue all of the choices ar
    5·1 answer
  • The process by which a bacteria cell divides into two identical cells is called
    15·2 answers
  • FOR CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE QUESTION!
    15·1 answer
  • What people need in order to be happy is the concern working in which field? A.Social cognitive B.Humanistic or positive C.Biops
    9·1 answer
  • The process of _______ causes rocks to change composition when reacting with oxygen
    9·1 answer
  • Which of the following is an advantage of using an incinerator to dispose of waste?
    12·2 answers
  • Which best describes ideal growing conditions for fungi?
    11·2 answers
  • Do sex cells have homologous chromosomes
    7·1 answer
  • Zoologists have attached miniaturized cameras called "critter cams" directly to many species allowing observations in a wide ran
    12·1 answer
  • Who first recognized the cell as the universal unit of life
    8·1 answer
Add answer
Login
Not registered? Fast signup
Signup
Login Signup
Ask question!