Because, all these cycles include living organisms, the biosphere and the chemical factors in them
Answer:
Dropping in energy levels
Against their concentration gradient
Explanation:
The pair of electrons are passed down a series of electron carriers of progressively lower energy levels through a series of redox reactions in the electron transport chain, releasing energy (electrical potential energy) to be used by H+ pump for the active transport of H+ ions (aka protons) from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower energy level against its concentration gradient.
Gametes are formed through meiosis (reduction division), in which a germ cell undergoes two fissions, resulting in the production of four gametes.
Water exists as a solid at or below 0 degree Celsius.
At 0 degree Celsius, water can go through a phase change, either freezing or melting, depending whether energy is given or taken away. If the temperature is below 0, water should exist as solid as the temperature is lower than its melting point. If the temperature is right at 0 degree, the water can partially be solid and liquid at the same time, during phase change.
Therefore, water exists as solid at or below 0 degree Celsius.
The answer to this is Hydrolysis
