The reason both of these are valid scientific hypotheses is because A) scientists with different educational backgrounds may put forth different hypotheses to explain the same data.
This approach in science is vital in making progress and has helped to explain many phenomena in the past. When scientists explain data using different approaches, they come to a more comprehensive conclusion.
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Upon analysis of the results, a hypothesis can be rejected or modified, but it can never be proven to be correct 100 percent of the time. For example, relativity has been tested many times, so it is generally accepted as true, but there could be an instance, which has not been encountered, where it is not true.
Answer:
d. less than 100% of the energy captured from sunlight is transformed into potential energy in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient and then into potential energy in the form of covalent bonds
Explanation:
Photosynthesis is process utilized by plants, several bacteria and protists to convert the light energy to chemical energy. So they utilize the photosynthesis as the powerhouse for the energy production. Heterotrophs like human that cannot synthesize their own food, use this converted form of energy by autotrophs.
During the light reaction of photosynthesis the photons from light are absorbed by photosystem I and II. These photons excites the electrons which flow through the electron transport chain from higher potential to lower potential. These electrons release the energy while moving from higher potential to lower potential which is utilized by H+ pump to pump the H+ to lumen of plastids from stroma and of course not the 100% energy is utilized some of the energy dissipates. . So this process causes the accumulation of high potential H+ ions across the membrane. These H+ ions are utilized for the production of ATP by ATP synthase complex when they flow back to lower potential across the membrane through ATP synthase complex.
The ATP and NADPH produced from light reaction are utilized to combine carbon molecules during dark reaction. The covalent bond is used to combine the carbon molecules and we know that combining carbon molecules stores energy in the form of covalent bond.
P700 is photosystem I. It includes chlorophyll a 670, 680, 695, 700, Chlorophyll b, carotenoids. The active reaction center of photosystem is p700, as it absorbs light of a wavelength longer than 680nm.
P680 or the photosystem II has the following pigments: chlorophyll b, 660, 670, 680, 695, 700, phycobilins, and xanthophylls. The active reaction center, in this case, is p680 of chlorophyll a, as it absorbs the light having a wavelength shorter than 680nm.
