d. less than 100% of the energy captured from sunlight is transformed into potential energy in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient and then into potential energy in the form of covalent bonds
Explanation:
Photosynthesis is process utilized by plants, several bacteria and protists to convert the light energy to chemical energy. So they utilize the photosynthesis as the powerhouse for the energy production. Heterotrophs like human that cannot synthesize their own food, use this converted form of energy by autotrophs.
During the light reaction of photosynthesis the photons from light are absorbed by photosystem I and II. These photons excites the electrons which flow through the electron transport chain from higher potential to lower potential. These electrons release the energy while moving from higher potential to lower potential which is utilized by H+ pump to pump the H+ to lumen of plastids from stroma and of course not the 100% energy is utilized some of the energy dissipates. . So this process causes the accumulation of high potential H+ ions across the membrane. These H+ ions are utilized for the production of ATP by ATP synthase complex when they flow back to lower potential across the membrane through ATP synthase complex.
The ATP and NADPH produced from light reaction are utilized to combine carbon molecules during dark reaction. The covalent bond is used to combine the carbon molecules and we know that combining carbon molecules stores energy in the form of covalent bond.
Less than 100% of the energy captured from the sunlight is transformed into potential energy in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient and then into potential energy in the form of covalent bonds
Explanation:
Photosynthesis is a process utilized by plants and some organisms whereby the plants/organisms utilize the energy produced from the sun ( light energy ) and convert into chemical energy that is used to drive the activities of the plants or organism.
during the process of photosynthesis some of the energy converted into chemical energy by the plant is used to release electrons from from substances like water and this in turn leads to the production of oxygen into the atmosphere which is utilized by animals and humans.
The photosynthesis occurs in two stages : light dependent stage which occurs in the thylakoid membrane and the Calvin cycle which leads to the production of ATP and NADPH
Lithosphere is the final layer on the planet Earth, erosion caused by wind (atmosphere) or rain (hydrosphere) may also wear down rocks in the lithosphere.
