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Ede4ka [16]
3 years ago
11

What is litagation mediation and arbitration

Business
2 answers:
777dan777 [17]3 years ago
8 0
Contrary to mediation, litigation and arbitration are binding forms of dispute resolution where a judge or an arbitrator hears evidence and renders a decision. ... Litigation is where a judge or a jury decides the case instead of an arbitrator. The litigation process involves more formalized rules than in arbitration.
sveticcg [70]3 years ago
7 0

Answer:

Litigation is the process of taking legal action.

Mediation is intervention in a dispute in order to resolve it.

Arbitration is the use of an arbitrator to settle a dispute.

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You are considering a job that offers a pension of 80% of your highest yearly salary prior to retirement. You expect your highes
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1,120,000 dollars

Explanation:

The pension income is 80% out of current salary of 70,000 dollars, therefore 56,000 dollars. For this to be future retirement stream savings must be at a level of 1,120,000 dollars or 56,000/0,05. This strategy would assume 5% return on savings or investments and the lifestyle in retirement equal to pre-retirement period. This strategy would also assume no additional post-retirement income.

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When Paul listened to the presidential candidate debates, he heard one candidate proposing to increase taxes and the other candi
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as taxes increase, there is a decrease in supply

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2 years ago
You are given the following information concerning Parrothead Enterprises: Debt: 9,300 7.4 percent coupon bonds outstanding, wit
Law Incorporation [45]

Answer:

a. Cost of debt = 5.03%.

b. Cost of equity = 11.47%

c. Cost of preferred stock = 4.90%

Explanation:

a. Calculation of cost of debt

The bond's Yield to Maturity is the before tax cost of debt and it can be calculated using the following RATE function in Excel:

YTM = RATE(nper,pmt,-pv,fv) * 2 .............(1)

Where;

YTM = yield to maturity = ?

nper = number of periods = number of semiannuals to maturity = Number of years * Number of semiannuals in a year = 21 * 2 = 42

r = semiannual coupon rate = Annual coupon rate / 2 = 7.4% / 2 = 0.074 / 2 = 0.037

pmt = semiannual coupon payment = semiannual coupon rate * Face value = 0.037 * $2,000 = $74 = 74

pv = present value = quoted bond price = 108.75% * fv = 108.75% * 2000 = 2,175 = 2175

fv = face value or par value of the bond = 2000

Substituting the values into equation (1), we have:

YTM = RATE(42,74,-2175,2000) * 2 ............ (2)

Inputting =RATE(42,74,-2175,2000)*2 into excel (Note: as done in the attached excel file), the YTM is obtained as 6.62%.

Therefore, we have:

After tax cost of debt = YTM * (100% - Tax rate) = 6.62% * (100% - 24%) = 5.03%

Therefore, cost of debt is 5.03%.

b. Calculation of cost of equity

Based on the information in the question, the return on equity can be calculated using the dividend discount model and capital asset pricing model (CAPM) formulae.

b-1. Using the dividend discount model formula, we have:

P = D1 / (r – g) ………………………. (3)

Where:

P = Common stock selling price per share = $66.40

D1 = Next year dividend = $4.60

r = return on equity = ?

g = dividend growth rate = 5.4%, or 0.054

Substituting the value into equation (3) and solve for r, we have:

66.40 = 4.60 / (r – 0.054)

66.40(r – 0.054) = 4.60

66.40r - 3.5856 = 4.60

66.40r = 4.60 + 3.5856

66.40r = 8.1856

r = 8.1856 / 66.40

r = 0.1233, or 12.33%

b-2. Using CAMP formula, cost of equity can be calculated as follows:

Return on equity = Risk free rate + Stock beta(Expected return – Risk free rate) = 4.55% + (1.09 * (10.1% - 4.55%)) = 10.60%

b-3. The cost of equity can therefore be calculated as the average of the returns of equity from the two formulae is as follows:

Cost of equity = (12.33% + 10.60%) / 2 = 11.47%

c. Calculation of cost preferred stock

Note that since the preferred stock selling price per share is $95.90, it indicates that it par value is $100 and is being sold at a discount. Therefore, we have:

Cost of preferred stock = (Preferred stock dividend rate * Preferred stock par value) / Preferred stock selling price per share = (4.70% * 100) / 95.90 = 0.0490, or 4.90%

Download xlsx
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How can producers maximize their profit?
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the best possible answer is keep the marginal costs below marginal revenue.

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What does the owner of a miniature golf business provide her customers with?
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Answer:

golf clubs

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