Photosynthesis has two main parts (light-independent and light dependent). Which descriptions can BEST be used to explain photos
ystem I and photosystem II? I. Light-independent reaction II. Light-dependent reaction III. Products are ATP and NADPH. IV. Occurs in the thylakoid membranes V. Occurs in the stroma VI. Photolysis of water occurs during this stage.
The light-dependent reactions use light energy to make two molecules needed for the next stage of photosynthesis: the energy storage molecule ATP and the reduced electron carrier NADPH. In plants, the light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of organelles called chloroplasts. Photosystems, large complexes of proteins and pigments (light-absorbing molecules) that are optimized to harvest light, play a key role in the light reactions. There are two types of photosystems: photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII). Both photosystems contain many pigments that help collect light energy, as well as a special pair of chlorophyll molecules found at the core (reaction center) of the photosystem. The special pair of photosystem I is called P700, while the special pair of photosystem II is called P680. In a process called non-cyclic photophosphorylation (the "standard" form of the light-dependent reactions), electrons are removed from water and passed through PSII and PSI before ending up in NADPH. This process requires light to be absorbed twice, once in each photosystem, and it makes ATP . In fact, it's called photophosphorylation because it involves using light energy (photo) to make ATP from ADP (phosphorylation). Here are the basic steps: Light absorption in PSII. When light is absorbed by one of the many pigments in photosystem II, energy is passed inward from pigment to pigment until it reaches the reaction center. There, energy is transferred to P680, boosting an electron to a high energy level. The high-energy electron is passed to an acceptor molecule and replaced with an electron from water. This splitting of water releases the O 2 O 2 start text, O, end text, start subscript, 2, end subscript we breathe. ATP synthesis. The high-energy electron travels down an electron transport chain, losing energy as it goes. Some of the released energy drives pumping of H + H + start text, H, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript ions from the stroma into the thylakoid interior, building a gradient. ( H + H + start text, H, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript ions from the splitting of water also add to the gradient.) As H + H + start text, H, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript ions flow down their gradient and into the stroma, they pass through ATP synthase, driving ATP production in a process known as chemiosmosis. Light absorption in PSI. The electron arrives at photosystem I and joins the P700 special pair of chlorophylls in the reaction center. When light energy is absorbed by pigments and passed inward to the reaction center, the electron in P700 is boosted to a very high energy level and transferred to an acceptor molecule. The special pair's missing electron is replaced by a new electron from PSII (arriving via the electron transport chain). NADPH formation. The high-energy electron travels down a short second leg of the electron transport chain. At the end of the chain, the electron is passed to NADP + + start superscript, plus, end superscript (along with a second electron from the same pathway) to make NADPH. The net effect of these steps is to convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. The ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions are used to make sugars in the next stage of photosynthesis, the Calvin cycle. In another form of the light reactions, called cyclic photophosphorylation, electrons follow a different, circular path and only ATP (no NADPH) is produced.
Interphase is the G1, or gap 1, phase in which the new cell grows and carries out its functions in the body; the S, or synthesis, phase when the chromosomes replicate; and the G2, or gap 2, phase, when the cell grows further and prepares to divide.
We fear flying in a plane, nuclear power plants or being struck by lightning more because our risk perception isn't rational. We assess risks using a mixture of cognitive skills (weighing the evidence, using reasoning and logic to reach conclusions) and emotional appraisals. In this case, we believe that overheating or lack of exercise is something we can control. We believe we can feel the process taking place and we can react in time. We fear all the situations that we cannot control.
The correct answer is D. The domain is the broadest category in the classification of living organisms. All the living organisms are placed in three domains, which are archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes. The prokaryotes are separated into two groups, that is archaea and bacterial based on the differences in their 16S rRNA genes. Amoeba is classified as an eukaryotes because, its cell is more developed than that of bacteria.
