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IrinaVladis [17]
3 years ago
8

How does a DNA mutation cause a disease like sickle-cell anemia? (1 point)

Biology
1 answer:
Arte-miy333 [17]3 years ago
4 0

Explanation:

nide iabr o

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Kingdoms are classified by what?
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Kingdoms are classified into three Domains and into one of the six kingdoms of life. 
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DESCRIBE the internal anatomy of skeletal muscle, using each of the following terms: ACTIN, MYOSIN, THIN FILAMENT, THICK FILAMEN
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INTERNAL ANATOMY OF SKELETAL MUSCLE : SKELETAL MUSCLE IS OTHERWISE CALLED AS STRIATED OR VOLUNTARY MUSCLE. THEIR ACTIVITIES ARE UNDER THE VOLUNTARY CONTROL OF NERVOUS SYSTEM. THEREFORE, THEY ARE KNOWN AS VOLUNTARY MUSCLES. PRIMARY FUNCTION OF THIS MUSCLE IS LOCOMOTION AND CHANGES IN BODY POSTURE.

EACH MUSCLE IS MADE UP OF NUMBER OF MUSCLE BUNDLES OR <u>FASCICLES</u>. THESE FASCICLES ARE HELD TOGETHER BY A COMMON COLLAGENOUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE LAYER CALLED FASCIA.

EACH MUSCLE IS COMPOSED OF NUMEROUS MUSCLE FIBRES AND IT IS MULTINUCLEATED, CROSS STRIATED CYLINDRICAL CELLS. IT IS MADE UP OF SARCOLEMMA OR CELL MEMBRANE ENCLOSING SARCOPLASM (CYTOPLASM) . NUMBER OF EVENLY DISTRIBUTED LONGITUDINAL THREADS CALLED <u>MYOFIBRILS</u> ARE PRESENT IN THE SARCOPLASM.

MUSCLE-FASCICULE-FIBRE-MYOFIBRILS-MYOFILAMENTS

EACH MUSCLE IS AN INDIVIDUAL CELL AND CONSISTS OF FOLLOWING PARTS.

SARCOLEMMA,  SARCOPLASM, NUCLEI,  MYOFIBRILS, MYOFILAMENTS, MITOCHONDRIA, SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.

SARCOLEMMA IS CELL MEMBRANE OF MUSCLE FIBRES AND SARCOPLASM IS SEMIFLUID CYTOPLASM OF MUSCLE.

NUCLEI ARE MULTIPLE IN NUMBER AND OVAL IN SHAPE, PERIPHERAL IN DISTRIBUTION BENEATH THE SARCOLEMMA.

<u>MYOFIBRILS</u> ARE CONTRACTILE UNBRANCHED THREADS SITUATED ALONG THE MUSCLE FIBRE.  IT CONSIST OF ALTERNATE A-BAND

AND I-BAND. EACH MYOFIBRILS CONSISTS OF LONGITUDINALLY ARRANGED PROTEIN FILAMENTS SUCH AS <u>THIN FILAMENT</u> CONSISTS OF <u>ACTIN,</u> TROPOMYOSIN, TROPONIN WHEREAS<u> THICK FILAMENT</u> CONSISTS OF<u> MYOSIN</u> . THESE ARE CALLED MYOFILAMENTS.

MITOCHONDRIA PROVIDES ENERGY FOR THE WORK OF  MUSCLE FIBRE.

BESIDES THE ABOVE COMPONENTS THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF SUPPORTING TISSUES WHICH HELPS IN ORGANIZATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLES. THESE ARE.

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<u>PERIMYSIUM</u> : THE MUSCLE FIBRES ARE GROUPED INTO FASCICULI EACH FASCICULUS IS COVERED BY A CONNECTIVE TISSUE SHEATH CALLED PERIMYSIUM.

<u>EPIMYSIUM</u> : THE ENTIRE MUSCLE IS COVERED BY A SHEATH OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE KNOWN AS THE EPIMYSIUM.

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Insulin , glucagon, and other hormone levels rise and fall to keep blood sugar in a normal range. Too little or too much of these hormones can cause blood sugar levels to fall too low (hypoglycemia) or rise too high (hyperglycemia).

Normally, blood glucose levels increase after you eat a meal. When blood sugar rises, cells in the pancreas release insulin, causing the body to absorb glucose from the blood and lowering the blood sugar level to normal. When blood sugar drops too low, the level of insulin declines and other cells in the pancreas release glucagon, which causes the liver to turn stored glycogen back into glucose and release it into the blood. This brings blood sugar levels back up to normal

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