After the War of 1812 the policy that was advocated by James Madison for making American manufactured products cheaper and more competitive in both domestic and foreign markets was a protective tariff. The correct option among all the options that are given in the question is the second option. I hope it helps you.
No taxation without representation is at the heart of American identity since it was a call for independence and the need for Americans to manage their own affairs. It is also at the root of American democracy since it entails the election of the nation’s representatives to Congress
