The spread between the interest rates on bonds with default risk and default-free bonds is called the risk premium.
A default-free bond is a bond in which the bond issuer would not miss scheduled payments of either the coupon or principal. Bonds issued by the government are generally considered to be default-free. This is because the government can print money to make payments.
A bond with a default risk is a bond in which the bond issuer can miss scheduled payments of either the coupon or the principal. Bonds issued by private individuals are generally considered to be bonds with default risk.
Bondholders usually demand a compensation for holding bonds with a default risk. This compensation is known as risk premium.
Risk premium = return on bonds with default risk - return on default- free bond.
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Answer: centralized
Explanation:
Based on the information given in the question, we can infer that McCoy operates a centralized department.
This is a centralized department because McCoy takes the decisions in the organization. In a centralized department, the organizational structure is such that the power regarding the decision is confined to top management, while the followers just follow the instructions
Answer:
Online displays (banner) ads
Explanation:
This has the potential to appear to any website user in an unsolicited manner
Answer:
When Rosalyn comes into the office, she speaks to no one, shuts her door, and is rarely seen again until lunch. She supervises a team of 12 people though. Carmelita has a new idea she would like to share with management, but is unsure if she should take it to Rosalyn. How would you describe this upward communication?
Option B: lacking trust
Explanation:
Upward communication is the process of information or communication channel methods flowing from the front-line or lower levels employees of a hierarchy to transfer messages the upper levels, to managers, like Rosalyn, supervisors and directors. This type of communication is becoming more popular in organizations as traditional forms of communication are becoming less popular but these channels may face significant barriers for employees attempting to send feedback or other communication to higher-level management as trust involves knowing that a partner has your best interest at heart and manager as Rosalyn may not be prompting employee´s trust not having an "open door policy" which enables trust among her employees. It is hard to feel safe and secure when you are involved with someone who would betray your trust. Not only is trust important, but a lack of trust, distrust, doubt, doubtfulness, dubiety, dubiousness, incertitude, question, skepticism, suspicion, uncertainty, wonder leeriness, suspicion and lack of conviction or certainty often leads to lying, deception or unwillingness which makes subordinates not to send the information to their superior willingly. Manager who are not open cause fear of inefficiency therefore, the communication system may be disrupted.
Upward communication helps employees to express their requirements, ideas, and feelings. For the top management, upward communication is an important source of information for business decisions. It helps in alerting top management about the requirement of changes in an organisations.