Increasing evidence supports the importance of hemodynamic forces that are directly related to the work of the heart as the primary triggering event of atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis. The factors that primarily determine the work of the heart include systolic blood pressure (BP), blood viscosity, and the volume of blood the myocardium has to pump.
The relationship between BP and viscosity is such that, given a constant systolic BP, if blood viscosity increases, then the total peripheral resistance (TPR) will necessarily increase, thereby reducing blood flow. Conversely, when viscosity decreases, blood flow and perfusion will increase. Because of the dependence of systemic arterial BP on cardiac output and TPR, if blood viscosity and TPR rise, systolic BP must then increase for cardiac output to be maintained. Consequently, blood viscosity has been established as a major determinant of the work of the heart and tissue perfusion [1]. Since increased viscosity requires a higher BP to ensure the same circulating volume of blood, both the burden on the heart and the forces acting on the vessel wall are directly modulated by changes in blood viscosity.
Three important studies helped establish the relationship between blood pressure and blood viscosity. The earliest study observed 49 normal subjects and 49 patients with untreated essential hypertension, showing a direct correlation between BP and blood viscosity among both normotensive and hypertensive subjects (p<0.001). Systolic blood viscosity was 8 to 10% higher in hypertensive patients compared with normotensive controls, and diastolic blood viscosity was 16 to 28% higher in hypertensive patients. Subgroups each comprised of 25 subjects having matched hematocrits were also compared, and viscosity remained significantly higher in hypertensive subjects (p<0.05). [2]
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Answer:
Monozygotic twins
Explanation:
Monozygotic or identical twins are those that originate from a single ovary_ and a single sperm and therefore share the same genetic load.
What happens in these cases is that the embryo splits in two, and depending on the moment in which this happens, different configurations can be expected in the development of the placenta.
When the embryo is cleaved within the first four days after fertilization it results in a bicorial-biamnotic pregnancy, that means, two sacs and two independent chorions will be visible (exactly the same as in the case of dizygotic twins from two different embryos).
Answer:
The correct answer is:
a)FADH2
c)GTP
e)NADH
Explanation:
The Citric acid cycle(TCA) also known as the <em>Kreb cycle,</em> is a focal metabolic center of the cell. It is a sequence of chemical reactions in which the acetyl portion of acetyl CoA is degraded to carbon dioxide and hydrogen atoms.These reactions all occur in the matrix of the mitochondria. This cycle is also an important source of precursor for other molecules such as amino acids, nucleotide bases cholesterol etc. The function of the citric acid cycle is the gathering of high-vitality electrons from carbon fuels. The citric acid cycle removes electrons from acetyl CoA and use it to reduce NAD and FAD into NADH2 and FADH2 respectively.
<em>Overall, The citric acid cycle oxidizes two carbon units(from acetyl CoA) and produces two molecules of carbon dioxide, one molecule of GTP and high energy electrons which are present in the form of NADH2 and FADH2</em>
Answer:
Alrighty
Explanation:
The petals on a flower are not just to be pretty, they attract insects (bees) that will pollinate another flower or that flower, so it will reproduce.
