I would say that B) single events or several causes working together to produce extinction in a short period is referred to as mass extinction, but I am not 100% sure.
I think it would be D. because in our text book it says and i quote
"The rate of speciation and extinction varies from clade to clade. Some clades contain many species that have survived for long periods of time. Other clades have only a few species, which soon become extinct."
I think it's the first one: the red fox that inhabits farmlands and forests has a red coat, but it's relative, the kit fox, lives in a desert has a sandy-colored coat
