the fourth one because it has a dependent clause and an independent clause
<span>A small, glittering object not far away caught Rainsford's eye and he picked it up. It was an empty cartridge.</span>
The correct answer is that - science progressed rapidly during this time.
Victorian era was a time of progress in scientific terms - many discoveries of the time affected the lives of Victorians in a positive way that helped them living their lives immensely. This was the time when the sewing machine was invented, when Charles Darwin wrote his "The Origin of Species," when Louis Pasteur worked on vaccines and studied pasteurization, etc.