During meiosis what allows genes located on the same chromosomes to separate independently of one another

1 answer:

8 0

Crossing over at prophase I results in the linked genes (those on the same chromosome) becoming unlinked and separated. Prophase I is this first stage of meiosis, the chromosomes condense, form tetrads, and exchange DNA. The nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear.

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What causes the “heat island” effect?

aleksandrvk [35]

Here's a basic answer,
Normal temperatures of Tokyo go up more than those of the surrounding area. An urban heat island (UHI) is a city or metropolitan area that is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas due to human activities. ... The main cause of the urban heat island effect is from the modification of land surfaces.
I didn't answer this, but Google did.

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3 years ago

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Gymnosperms and angiosperms evolved ______ allowing them to live and reproduce in drier habitats than bryophytes and seedless va

Lemur [1.5K]

Gymnosperms and Angiosperms-

Gymnosperms and angiosperms evolved seeds and pollen grains allowing them to live and reproduce in drier habitats than bryophytes and seedless vascular plants.

Properties of gymnosperms and angiosperms-

Gymnosperms are plants which bear seeds without fruits or without any outer coverings. These plants also do not produce flowers. Most plants under this group have needle-shaped leaves. This is an adaptation as these plants grow in colder conditions. Gymnosperms. These plants produce pollen without bearing flowers. Angiosperms are found in almost all climatic conditions. These plants bear flowers and produce seeds that are enclosed inside a fruit or inside an ovary. The seeds of angiosperms have a single cotyledon.

Learn more about Gymnosperms and Angiosperms here-

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2 years ago

Rough endoplasmic reticulum are

djverab [1.8K]

Answer:

Rough endoplasmic reticulum is the most essential in the role of producing proteins. Ribosomes are contained on top of them to help produce proteins.

Explanation:

These proteins are necessary for us to go on about daily functions

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2 years ago

The graph below represents the solar intensity measured over one day in northern Canada. What is the most likely date?

Dmitry [639]

It is important to note that the graph has 0 solar intensity for a long part of the day; around 16 hours. Only from 8 to 16 hours do we have significant sunlight.
This means that the length of day is very short during this time of the year;

The length of the day changes throughout they year; day is equal to night (12 hours each) during the solstices on March 21 and September 23 but during summer day is longer than night in the northern hemisphere; during winter it is smaller. THe smallest daylength is at December 21st (in the northern Hemisphere). This phenomenon is due to the tilt of the axis of the earth.

The correct answer is December 21; (if we talked about a place in the southern hemisphere, the answer would be March 21).

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3 years ago

From a chemical view, how is an amino acid is being recognized by its specific aminoacyl tRNA synthetase?

hammer [34]

During translation, rRNA and tRNA read mRNA in 5´ to 3´ direction. According to the codons being readen, tRNA transfers the correct amino acids to build the polypeptide chain. A codon is a short sequence of three nucleotides that store the genetic information for the aminoacids´ assembly.

Each tRNA has two important sites. One of them that couples with the codon of the mRNA molecule, named anticodon. The other site couples with an amino acid through the action of the aminoacyl-tRNA synthase enzyme. The whole complex, amino acid + enzyme + tRNA is named aminoacyl-tRNA.

Each tRNA is recognized by a specific aminoacyl-tRNA synthase enzyme. The enzyme is also capable of recognizing a specific amino acid. Let us say, for instance, that tRNA is specific for phenylalanine. The molecule is attached to the enzyme that is specific for that tRNA(Phe). Then, when the enzyme and tRNA(Phe) are together, they get to find phenylalanine. The enzyme links the aminoacid to the RNA. Once the whole complex is formed, the tRNA gets to pair its anticodon with the mRNA codon. This is,

Recognition of enzyme and the specific tRNA(aa) ⇒ aa being aminoacid
Recognition of enzyme and the specific aminoacid
Linkage of the aminoacid to RNA by the enzyme action
Pairing of tRNA anticodon to mRNA codon.

Considering that there are twenty amino acids available, there are also twenty complexes of aminoacyl-tRNA, one for each amino acid. Each of the mRNA codons represents one of the 20 amino acids used to build the protein. Each amino acid can be codified by more than one codon. Of the total 64 codons, 61 codify amino acids, and one is a start codon. The left three codons are stopping translation points.

tRNA decodes genetic information from the nucleotidic sequence in the mRNA molecule and allows amino acids to align composing the new protein.

Once the new peptidic link joins, placing together the new amino acid to the growing peptidic chain, the binding between the amino acid and the tRNA molecule breaks. The tRNA is now free to join another amino acid and repeat the cycle.

In conclusion, a specific aminoacyl-tRNA synthase enzyme recognizes a tRNA, which is also specific for a certain amino acid. When together, the enzyme recognizes the amino acid and links it to the RNA. The whole complex is known as aminoacyl-tRNA. Once the tRNA is joined to its amino acid, it gets to pair a codon of mRNA to add that amino acid to the new synthesizing protein.

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