In DNA, each base pairs up with only
one other base
After a client who had an incision and drainage of an oral
abscess has been discharged, a clinical finding that should be of concern and
should prompt the client to report to the healthcare provider is if there is pain
with swelling after one week; a painful swelling filled with pus may indicate
the recurrent oral abscess.
© 1998, 1999 Gregory Carey Chapter 7: The New Genetics - 1 Chapter 7: The New Genetics—Techniques for DNA Analysis Introduction Before the 1980s, finding the genotype of an individual usually involved various laboratory assays for a gene product—the protein or enzyme. The cases of the ABO and Rhesus blood groups are classic examples of how one infers genotypes from the reaction of gene products with certain chemicals. In the mid 1980s, genetic technology took a great leap forward with the ability to genotype the DNA itself. The geneticist could now examine the DNA directly without going through the laborious process of developing assays to detect individual differences in proteins and enzymes. Direct DNA analysis had the further advantage of being able to identify alleles in sections of DNA that did not code for polypeptide chains. As a result of these new advances, the number of genetic loci that could be detected increased exponentially and soon led to the identification of the genes for disorders that had remained a mystery for the better part of this century. In this chapter, the major molecular techniques are outlined. The purpose is to provide a quick and understandable reference for the social scientist. The content of this chapter is not something that is required to understand genetics, what genes are, or how they relate to human behavior. Indeed, this chapter may be skipped without any great loss of continuity. Hence, only the essentials are given and the reader interested in the laboratory science behind the techniques is referred to contemporary textbooks on molecular genetics. We begin by defining a series of basic tools and techniques. © 1998, 1999 Gregory Carey Chapter 7: The New Genetics - 2 Basic Tools and Techniques: Basic tools: Electrophoresis Electrophoresis is a technique that separates small biological molecules by their molecular weight. It may be applied to molecules as large as proteins and enzymes as well as to small snippets of DNA and RNA. One begins the procedure by constructing a “gel”—a highly viscous material the actual chemistry of which need not concern us. Purified copies of the biological specimen are then injected into a “starting lane” at one end of the gel. Finally, a weak electric current is passed through the gel for a specified amount of time. Gravity and the electric current cause the biological molecules to migrate to the opposite end of the gel. The extent to which any molecule moves depends upon its electrical charge, molecular weight, the viscosity of the gel, the strength of the current, and the amA. The simplest method to denature DNA is to h33///////////////////////(http://psych.colorado.edu/~carey/hgss/hgsschapters/HGSS_Chapter07.pdf) # cited
The movement of carbon through the abiotic and biotic parts of the carbon cycle is the following:
In the carbon cycle, carbon is moved between the four reservoirs where it is in different states:
- Atmosphere, carbon is in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2) by joining with oxygen in the form of gas.
- Terrestrial biosphere, carbon is found in the elements that make up terrestrial and coastal ecosystems, in non-living organic matter, and in the soil.
- Oceans, carbon is part of the hydrosphere, it is found in dissolved organic carbon, in marine organisms and in non-living matter.
The water vapor produced and released into the atmosphere also promotes gas exchange between the atmosphere and the ocean, allowing carbon to dissolve in the water, where it is fixed by photosynthetic plankton.
- Sediments: carbon is part of the geosphere, the excess carbon in decomposing organic matter, which is not captured and processed by decomposing life forms, it will pile up and sediment at the bottom of the oceans or in the various layers of the earth's crust, where it forms fossils, hydrocarbon deposits or reactive sediments.
During photosynthesis, green plants take CO2 from the abiotic environment and incorporate the carbon into the carbohydrates they synthesize.
Part of these carbohydrates are metabolized by the same producers in their respiration, returning carbon to the surrounding environment in the form of CO2.
That is, the return of CO2 to the atmosphere occurs when living beings oxidize food while breathing, producing CO2.
The final products of combustion are CO2 and water vapor.
Therefore, we can conclude that the movement of carbon between the abiotic environment and biotic factors (living organisms) defines the carbon cycle.
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The glass— It retains heat within the greenhouse like how greenhouse gases trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere.
