We know this by dating the structures, evidence of life there long before anywhere else and by the Bible. You can also look into other sources of history too. There is a ton of info on Egypt provided by scrolls a old writing on stone tablets.
I think question 8 is 1, not 100% sure though...
WWI implemented trench warfare. Instead of everyone standing in a line people got down in trenches and fought each other. They would stay in these trenches for extended periods of time. The trenches were usually dirty and crowded.
Formal powers are changed over time, while informal powers cannot be changed. Formal powers are created in the executive branch. Informal powers are not. Formal powers are created by Congress, and informal powers aren’t .
As trade grew, Medieval cities became overcrowded and unnecessary. The correct option among all the options that are given in the question is the third option or option "c". The other options that are given in the question can be neglected. I hope that the answer has actually come to your help.