It’s between b and d. I would go with b based on the information below.
The four primary functions of carbohydrates in the body are to provide energy, store energy, build macromolecules, and spare protein and fat for other uses. Simple carbohydrates are quick energy sources, but they do not usually supply any other nutrients or fiber. One of the most important functions of carbohydrates is to form a structure called the glycocalyx. This is a coat around the cell.
they are caused by mutation. the best example of it are human blood groups.
The responses observed in type IV hypersensitivities result from the action of T cells and phagocytes.
Hypersensitivity IV type, also called delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), involves T cell-antigen interactions that cause activation and secretion of cytokines. This type of hypersensitivity requires sensitized lymphocytes that respond 24–48 hours after exposure to soluble antigens. A type IV hypersensitivity reaction is a cell-mediated reaction that can occur in response to contact with certain allergens, resulting in what is called contact dermatitis, or in response to certain diagnostic procedures such as the tuberculin skin test. Certain allergens need to be avoided to treat this condition. Type IV hypersensitivity response is observed results from the action of T cells and macrophages while other types are mediated by antibodies. This reaction occurs at least 1–3 days after the initial exposure. Type IV hypersensitivity is the mechanism of many autoimmune disorders.
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As you can see in the picture presented below, the three classes of water have distinctive traits.
Pure substances contain only one element, they are not mixtures of different things.
The homogeneous mixtures have multiple elements, but they are so well blended together that you can't easily observe or separate them.
In heterogeneous mixtures, we can easily differentiate between different elements of the mixture.
Cell has cell membrane<span> (also known as the </span>plasma membrane<span> or </span>cytoplasmic membrane<span>) it is a </span>biological membrane<span> that separates the </span>interior<span> of all </span>cells<span> from the </span>outside environment.<span> The cell membrane is </span>selectively permeable<span> to </span>ions<span> and </span>organic molecules<span>and </span>controls the movement of substances<span> in and out of cells.</span><span>The basic function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings.</span>
