Question

The table below shows the fifth powers of different numbers:

Answer 1

Part A

Yes y is a function of x. Specifically the equation is y = x^5
For any given input, there is exactly one output

Notice how if x = 1 then y = x^5 = (1)^5 = 1
Notice how if x = -1 then y = x^5 = (-1)^5 = -1
Notice how if x = -2 then y = x^5 = (-2)^5 = -32
Notice how if x = 2 then y = x^5 = (2)^5 = 32

In general,
x^5 = x*x*x*x*x
there are five copies of x multiplied

A more specific example
3^5 = 3*3*3*3*3
there are five copies of '3' multiplied

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Part B

All we do is replace x with 4 and use PEMDAS to simplify
f(x) = 2x+12
f(4) = 2(4)+12
f(4) = 8+12
f(4) = 20

The value of f(4) is 20
What does it mean? It is the total cost of renting the bowling lane for 4 hours. If you rent it for four hours, then you'll pay a total of $20. 

The portion 2x = 2*4 = 8 is the variable cost which depends on how long you play. The more hours, the more the variable cost goes up
The fixed cost is 12. This is always fixed as this is the price to get in the door. If you play for 0 hours, but somehow got in the door, then you still pay $12
In total, variableCost+fixedCost = 8+12 = 20 = totalCost