Answer:
AC Problems : Incurred even at 0 output level, much varying & deviant from cash flows
VC Problems : Doesn't include fixed cost, incomplete expenditure, incomplete financial (accounting) statements.
Explanation:
Average Cost is the cost per unit off output.
Problems with AC as a performance measure :
- It includes all (fixed & variable cost) average. So, including fixed cost, it is not zero even at zero output level.
- It's variance analysis during production & cost phases is very complicated.
- It's result are deviant as evident from cash flows.
Variable Cost is the cost incurred on variable factors of production.
Problems with VC as a performance measure :
- It doesn't include fixed cost. So, it is not a correct measure of complete total expenditure.
- Fixed costs are huge. No financial inclusion of them makes accounting information unreliable (for legal purposes)
Answer:
Downward communication
Explanation:
Downward communication in a formal structure is the flow of information in terms of orders, appreciation, encouragement from higher authority to subordinates across the organization.
Upward communication in the form of feedback and problems flow from lower level employees to upper level. Here, the board of directors are top level employees who have passed the message to the employees to raise the level of service. This is a form of downward communication.
A barrier to entry is any factor that makes it difficult for a new firm to enter a market.
the type of capital she needs is the same amount of income.
