<h2>Answer</h2>
By the use of Land Grants to Bureaucrats
<h3>Explanation</h3>
Mughal Empire under Emperor Akbar was at a beautiful height since he expanded the empire that Babur and Humayun had built on. In order to ensure that feudal aristocracy was not prevailing in the lands that he had captured and ruled, Akbar went on to give away lands as lifetime grants to his court bureaucrats. This meant that land could not be hoarded by a single family and that each bureaucrat would manage his portion efficiently.
Chinese River Valley civilization<span>although it was from 8000 to 2000 BCE
They used the river for irrigation and they raised pigs and chickens. Used stone tools</span>
Plato contends we are all made of the same three parts yet not all have the parts aligned in a healthy balance. The result is that greed, ambition, and foolishness rule in these unbalanced people. Plato lived through the democratic period in Athens' government and through the oligarchy period when the conquering Spartans installed the wealthy oligarchists as rulers of Athens, a move that unleashed a fierce retribution of bloodshed upon the unseated democratic rulers.
Plato rejected the rule of the mistake prone and seemingly unreasoning democratic faction and equally rejected the oligarchic rule of the retaliatory wealthy elite. After a period of seclusion, Plato wrote the Republic. In it he describes human nature and uses human nature (as he described it) as a metaphor and template for a reasonable government.
He assigns ruling authority to those who have a functioning alignment and balance between their three constituent parts and a dominant dedication to the highest: (1: lowest) love of money (laboring and merchants classes), (2: middle-most class) love of honor (military), and (3: highest) love of wisdom ("scientists, scholars, high-level experts, and similar sophisticates" [Jorn K. Bramann]).
His idea is that the two models he has seen don't work, so a third is needed. That third model is to make a government out of those who have the best minds by virtue of being best trained, best informed and best balanced (in the quote below, take note of and understand the "or"):
Until philosophers are kings, or the kings and princes of this world have the spirit and power of philosophy, ... cities will never have rest from their evils. (Republic)
Chamberlain's do nothing policy and make-nice attitude led to the invasion of both Czechoslovakia and also Poland. Hitler was emboldened to invade both countries when Neville Chamberlain came back from a meeting with Hitler and declared there would be 'Peace in our Time". He naively believed Hitler was not interested in conquest in Europe. Following the invasion of Poland, both France and the UK finally saw the truth of Hitler and declared war on Germany.
