1. Individual: any living being.
2. Population: same group of species that live in a paricular geographical area.
3. Community: a group of interdependent organisms of different species growing or living together in a specified habitat
4. Ecosystem: a community of living organisms called producers, consumers, and decomposers.
5. Biosphere: region of the surface, atmosphere, and hydropsphere of the earth occupied by living organisms.
Extraction, homogenization, and centrifugation are the three processes in cell fractionation.
Cell fractionation is a method for dividing cellular components while yet maintaining each component's unique functionality. This technique was initially applied to show where distinct biochemical activities are located within cells. Subcellular fractionation is also used to help with illness detection and to offer an enhanced source of protein for further purification. To prevent osmotic damage, tissue is routinely homogenized in an isotonic buffer solution. Grinding, mincing, chopping, pressure changes, osmotic shock, freeze-thawing, and ultrasonic waves are a few of the mechanisms for homogenization. After that, the samples are maintained cool to avoid enzymatic deterioration. It is the development of a uniform mass of cells (cell homogenate or cell suspension).
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The immune response is the body's defense mechanism against the pathogens. The immune response of the body protects it from bacteria, viruses and multiple other disease causing organisms. The normal development of this protective immune response of the body is produced by as a result of the hormones which are produced by the thymus gland. The thymus gland produces the T-lymphocytes, which are important for a healthy immune response. The thymus gland secretes thymosin which is crucial for the development of these cells.
Hence, the answer is 'thymus gland'.
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