"These" should be referring to Alkali Metals.
They include metals such as Lithium, Sodium, Potassium etc.
They're classified as Group I elements because they all have one outmost shell electrons. This is why these metals are so reactive because they only need to lose one electron in order to achieve the octet of electrons (or duplet for Lithium), which means complete outmost shell electrons (2 or the 1st shell, others are 8).
The reason why they're especially reactive to Halogens (Group VII) elements are that Halogens have 7 outmost shell electrons, which only needs one more electron in order to get to the octet of electrons. So, if an Alkali metal reacts with a Halogen, the metal would give one of their electrons to the Halogen, that way, both of the elements can have an octet of electrons (or duplet).
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Dessert and tundra
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Theses two biomes get very little rain and because of this they have a less diversity of fauna and flora.
The differences are that a tundra is very dry and extremely cold and on the other hand a desert is very arid and hot and it can go as high as 54°C (130°F).
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The lower back pain and bilateral leg pain is due to over and intense physical activity which causes stretching of ligaments and muscles resulting in back and leg pain. Such pain can be managed by limited or by reducing physical activity. The dark color of urine is due to the presence of bile (bilirubin) in the urine. Here the patient has a past medical history of alcohol abuse. Excessive alcohol intake enhances gut permeability resulting in enhanced absorption of bacterial endotoxins. Excessive endotoxins in the liver cause damage of the kupffer cells in the liver, resulting in the release of bilirubin in the blood which ultimately passes through kidneys into the urine.
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Atmosphere and biosphere Biosphere and geosphere Hydrosphere
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