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Answer:
A proton gradient is generated by the transport of protons into the thylakoid lumen.
Protons move from the thylakoid lumen to the stroma through ATP synthase, producing ATP.
Explanation:
During photosynthesis, the environment is made acidic inside the lumen i.e. H⁺ are pumped into thylakoid lumen from stroma as a result of which more H⁺ are present in the thylakoid lumen as compared to stroma. It happens during light dependent reaction of photosynthesis. The concentration of H⁺ is already higher in lumen and transfer of more and more H⁺ from stroma increases the concentration of H⁺ even more leading to generation of a potential gradient. These H⁺ subsequently tend to move freely from lumen to stroma via "reverse pumps known as ATP synthase". The reason why these are known as reverse pumps is because pumps usually move particles from lower to higher concentration which is an active movement i.e. not natural so such movement requires energy. Naturally particles move from higher to lower concentration gradient until the concentration becomes equal on both the sides but pumps act opposite of this natural process and move particles from lower to higher concentration and utilize energy to do it. But here H⁺ are moving from higher to lower concentration which occurs naturally so ATP synthase rather than using energy tend to generate energy and this free energy is used to generate ATP from ADP & Pi (inorganic phosphate).
<span>Hiking in the morning, assuming you have not eaten anything prior to the hike, results in your body having to perform work with lowered glucose levels, thus causing the body to feel out of breath.</span>
Answer:
Explanation:
Look into Antimicrobial Peptides and the usage of yeasts to fight the bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Due to the rising bacterial resistance, scientists are using Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) as an alternate way to fight this crisis.
Where does yeast come into play? Yeasts are becoming a go-to organism for genetic engineering and recombinant protein production and a source to idenitfy how these AMPs work so that we could possibly target those pathways.
Read the "Antimicrobial Peptides: Recent Insights on Biotechnological Interventions and Future Perspectives" journal article to see if this is something you would like
