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Kant believed in something he called the <em>categorical imperative. </em>A categorical imperative is a particular moral position that holds in all possible situations - an unshakable moral law, in other words. For imperatives like "do not kill," this seems reasonable, but for others, such as "do not lie," it gets a little hairier.
Imagine a scenario where a murderer comes to your door and asks if you've see your friend around. Moments before, your friend came to you telling you about the murderer, asking if they could hide at your house. Kant would say you're obligated not to lie, so your options are to either shut the door on the murderer (not a great idea) or give away your friend's hiding place (an even worse idea). You can see how a little white lie wouldn't hurt, and would in fact <em>prevent harm from happening</em>. If you were a sworn Kantian, it might play out badly for everyone involved.
To answer your question in light of that, Kantian ethics hold that certain moral standards are universal and impose a duty on <em>all </em>humans. Do not lie. Period.
Answer: non-value added work: this are Job activities that do not add value to products and services but are necessary for the job. e.g An outdated method of doing a job.
Value added work: this are job activities, product or services a customer is willing to pay for. E.g a job done right at the first instance.
Explanation: 1. Non-value added work.
(f) officers waiting for a passenger to arrive.
(c) officers moving bins back to the beginning of the X-ray machines.
(e) officers putting bags in the X-ray machine for a second time in case they previously contained fluids.
Officer having to move bins back to the beginning of the the x-ray machine is obsolete and outdated because escalators can now do that, but it is necessary they do it. Having to put the bags back in the x-ray doesn't add value but is necessary for the job. Which is same as officers waiting for passengers arrival
2. Value added work.
(a) officers checking IDs.
(b) officers telling passengers to take off their shoes.
(d) officers looking at the screen of the X-ray machine.
What makes this jobs similar is that the activities are performed once, which adds value to work.
