Richter's original magnitude scale (ML) was extended to observations of earthquakes of any distance and of focal depths ranging between 0 and 700 km. Because earthquakes excite both body waves, which travel into and through the Earth, and surface waves, which are constrained to follow the natural waveguide of the Earth's uppermost layers, two magnitude scales evolved - the MB and MS scales.
The standard body-wave magnitude formula is
MB = log10(A/T) + Q(D,h) ,
where A is the amplitude of ground motion (in microns); T is the corresponding period (in seconds); and Q(D,h) is a correction factor that is a function of distance, D (degrees), between epicenter and station and focal depth, h (in kilometers), of the earthquake. The standard surface-wave formula is
MS = log10 (A/T) + 1.66 log10 (D) + 3.30 .
There are many variations of these formulas that take into account effects of specific geographic regions so that the final computed magnitude is reasonably consistent with Richter's original definition of ML. Negative magnitude values are permissible.
Go off kacey, as she should.
Answer:
Genetic continuity is maintained by the Replication or Synthesis phase and the Mitosis phase of the Cell cycle.
Explanation:
- The Cell Cycle can be divided into the following phases,
- G0- Interphase.
- G1 - Growth phase.
- S - Replication or Synthesis phase.
- G2 - Second Growth phase.
- M - Mitosis.
- Of all the above phases, in the S phase the replication or doubling of the genetic material, that is, the DNA, occurs for equally distributing the genetic material to both the daughter cells.
- The M or the Mitosis phase is also essential to ensure that the distribution of the genetic material occurs accurately among the daughter cells.
- Hence, a genetic continuity is maintained across the generations of the cells.
