Weathering because it's "wearing" down something to make sediment
Answer:
Both electron transport and a proton gradient
Explanation:
The process of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria and electron transport chain in photosynthesis undergo chemiosmosis to produce ATP molecules.
Chemiosmosis is a process where the energy utilized by the movement of proton and electrons produces ATP molecules.
Both the processes involve the movement of electrons through electron carriers where the reduced energy is utilized to drive the flow of protons through the plasma membrane. This creates a proton gradient across the plasma membrane which rotates the ATP synthase and converts the ADP molecules into ATP molecules.
Thus, the selected option is correct.
The flow of energy in an ecosystem is best described as energy moving in one direction from the sun to the producers then to the consumers.
Explanation;
Energy flow is the amount of energy that moves through successive trophic levels of a food chain in an ecosystem. Ecosystem maintain themselves by cycling energy and nutrients.
The energy from sunlight is taken up by producers which use it to produce organic compounds through photosynthesis. The energy is then passed successively to the trophic levels, that is from the producers to the consumers ( primary, secondary, tertiary and quotienary consumers). During this transfer some energy is lost at each trophic level in form of heat.
Reproductive success is defined as the passing of genes onto the next generation in a way that they too can pass on those genes. This is not solely the number of offspring produced by an individual, but also, as Ronald Fisher outlined in 1915, the probable reproductive success of those offspring, making mate choice (a form of sexual selection) an important factor in this success,[1] making biological fitness a key element in the theories of natural selection and evolution.
