Answer:
C. Coupled reactions establish an electrochemical gradient across a membrane.
Explanation:
- During cellular respiration in mitochondria, and during photosynthesis in chloroplasts, the electron transport chain requires a proton gradient to pump protons across the membrane by active transport.
- Protons flow back across the membrane by facilitated diffusion through ATP synthase, which utilizes them to phosphorylate ADP to ATP.
- This process of ATP synthesis by harnessing the elctrochemicaal gradient geenrated by the diffusion of protons across the biological membrane through ATP synthase is called chemiosmosis.
Mantle convection describes the movement of the mantle as it transfers heat from the white-hot core to the brittle lithosphere. ... Convection currents also transfer denser, cooler material from the crust to Earth's interior through the process of subduction.Aug 11, 2015
Simple handwashing is more than enough to stop the spread of infectious diseases. The hands play a major role in spreading pathogens because it can come into contact with infected surfaces. Make sure to wash your hands especially when they get soiled or before you eat or drink.
This layer is called the cell wall.
The cell wall is located outside the cell membrane and provides the cells with structural support and protection. It gives cells rigidity and strength, offering protection against mechanical stress.
In most cells, it is flexible, meaning that it will bend rather than hold a fixed shape, but has a lot of tensile strength which is necessary to be able to withstand internal osmotic pressure.
Cell walls are found in plants, bacteria, fungi, algae and some archaea.
