Answer:
The oldest maps were made by hand of course, and were based on fairly crude measurements of paces, strides and the like and directions only loosely related to NEWS. Clocks helped (as with navigation, latitude could be estimated by seeing what stars were above the horizon (or how high the sun seemed at its zenith), but longitude needed to know when they were seen).
Modern maps have the extraordinary advantage of precise locations of points, and even the benefit of direct overhead observation, and are no longer hand drawn.
Explanation:
We learn behaviors, attitudes and any other aspects of our culture through domestic education in early childhood. Most forms are accepted at that age, even unconscious. Upgrading is done later, through life, through education, self-education, personal interests of the hobby. What is embedded in an early childhood is necessarily manifest later in life. Children can learn through different stories, later through schooling, lectures, but the most important thing is what children see, as the actions of adults, in the first place, parents, later teachers, the environment, the dominant social group, friends, employers, etc. Everyone can say that he adopts what he hears and what he learns, but what comes out of the subconscious as a pattern is what we see around us.
