the answer is all of the above
This answer is true i actually did this in class today
Foxes Hawks and Owls will have to rely on other sources for food and be the most directly effected. You could make the argument that all the organisms will effected as some will see increased predation, while the plants will see a reduction in herbivores eating them.
C) Help with plant defense.
Many species are known to eat many plants, including flowers. To avoid being eaten, thorns in a rose bush help defend itself.
