Thomas Edison had 1093 patents either singly or jointly which at the time was a record
A republic is any government that doesn't have a supreme leader. Many people confer with each other and make decisions.
It's not so much that the U.S. Constitution outlines the goals of the government, but that it provides basic guidelines and rules with which the government can operate.
There are 5 of them. West Virginia, Pennsylvania, California, Tennessee, and Maryland.