The two different goals that the criminal justice has are to prevent crime and reform the offenders. the first aim is to prevent crime from happening in the first place with the use of general deterrence in hopes that before committing people will weigh the pros and cons of the action. the second aim is to reform the offenders by changing the stimuli that caused them to commit a crime in order to ensure that they become productive, law-abiding members of society.
Factors that encourage residents to settle in cities are called pull factors. Pull factors are the reasons why people move to urban locations in towns and cities for greater opportunities, advanced technology, better facilities, and better wealth. The on the other hand, there will be a push factor to most areas where people leave such as in provinces or countryside that caused unemployment and poverty.
I'd go with d. applied research. :-)
