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pychu [463]
3 years ago
10

When NADH is the electron donor to the respiratory chain, 2.5 ATP are formed, but when FADH2 is the electron donor, only 1.5 ATP

are formed. This difference occurs because _____.
Biology
2 answers:
marysya [2.9K]3 years ago
6 0

Answer: When NADH is the electron donor, more protons are pumped which create the electrochemical potential of the proton-motive force to drive ATP synthesis while when FADH2 is the electron, lesser protons are pumped resulting in the production of lesser amount of ATP than NADH. This is because NADH transfers electrons to complex I while FADH2 transfers electrons to complex II.

Explanation: Electron transport chain is made up of four unique electron-carrier complexes namely: complex I, II, III and IV. Complex I and II catalyze the transfer of electrons to ubiquinone from NADH and Succinate respectively, complex III carries electrons from ubiquinone to cytochrome c while complex IV transfers electron from cytochrome c to oxygen. For every pair of oxygen transferred to oxygen, four protons are pumped out by complex I, four protons are pumped out by complex III while two protons are pumped out by complex IV.

When NADH is the electron donor, electron transfer starts from NADH to complex I and a total of 10 protons are pumped out in the sequence for each pair of electrons transferred to oxygen. But when FADH2 is the electron donor, electron transfer starts from FADH2 to complex II and a total of six protons are pumped out for each pair of electron transferred to oxygen. The protons pumped provide proton-motive force which drives the synthesis of ATP, therefore the higher the number of protons pumped, the higher the number of ATP generated while the lesser the number of protons pumped the fewer the number of ATP generated.

Fofino [41]3 years ago
5 0

Answer:NADH donates it electron to complex I a higher energy level than other complexes while FADH donates it electron to complex II a lower energy complex.

Explanation:

Both NADH and FADH are shuttle of high energy electrons originally extracted from food into the inner mitochondrial membrane.

NADH donate it electron to a flavoprotein consisting of FMN prosthetic group and an iron-sulphur protein in ETC complex-I. Two electrons and one hydrogen ion are are transferred from NADH to the flavin prosthetic group of the enzyme.

While the electrons from FADH2 enters the ETC (electron transport chain) at the level of co-enzyme Q (complex II). This step does not librate enough energy to act as a proton pump.

So NADH produces 2.5 ATP during the ETC and oxidative phosphorylation because it donates its electron to Complex I, which pump more electrons across the membrane than other complexes.

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Answer:

The correct answer is option - 1. If passage through the placenta is adversely affected by fetal disease. and 4. If rapid drug effects are required.

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If the fetus requires a rapid drug effect it can be provided by direct drug delivery. Also when the placental is not working properly and affected by the disease it is recommended to provide the fetus with the drug with the help of direct delivery.

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yuradex [85]

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<h3>What is tested for during an amniocentesis?</h3>

Amniocentesis is a test that may be recommended to you during pregnancy to determine whether your unborn child has a chromosomal or genetic disorder like Down syndrome, Edwards syndrome, or Patau's syndrome.

<h3>What exactly does an amniocentesis entail?</h3>

A little sample of amniotic fluid is removed during an amniocentesis operation for testing. This is the fluid that a pregnant woman's fetus is enclosed in. The amniotic fluid shields the fetus from harm and is transparent and pale yellow in color. provides infection protection.

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learn more about muscular dystrophy here

<u>brainly.com/question/17392704</u>

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10 months ago
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