In Southwest Asia, WWI forced the Ottoman Empire to disperse and lose all of its land but Turkey, who modernized shortly after. Republics were formed and different people took over, mainly men with military positions.
The Sahel was the last area in the northern parts of Africa, where vegetation can survive and where people were living at the time. Following the Sahel to the North one can find the Sahara desert which is a natural barrier that no invading force could trespass.
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In the pre-classical period (2000 BC - 250 AD), the Olmecs and Zapotecs stand out. The Zapotec culture (600 BC - 1521) developed in the Oaxaca Valley in the south of the Mexican Highlands. Zapotecs built cities; they had a writing system and a calendar. The basis of the economy was agriculture based on irrigation. The capital of the Zapotecs Monte Alban was the largest city in southern Mexico.
The later Olmec cities were temple centers. The Olmec culture is one of the earliest cultures of Mesoamerica. Almost nothing is known about the social structure and political structure of the "Olmec" society. An analysis of the burial complexes shows that the process of property differentiation in the local society has gone quite far. The presence of ritual centers with a certain layout indicates a fairly high level of organization of power. The role of the leader, carrying out primarily military functions, is taking place.
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