King Darius died, his son Xerxes took over, 300 spartans died (including King Leonidas), Persia was defeated by the Greek.
Taxation. Shay's Rebellion happened because banks were foreclosing on farmers' homes. The farmers revolted because they couldn't make their payments <em>and </em><em />the high interest rates which was somehow caused by large post (Revolutionary) war debts. The federal government struggled to pay its debts because the Articles of Confederation didn't allow the federal gov't to <em>force</em> states to pay taxes.
In all of the wars in the Industrial Revolution, more than 70 million personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilized in this large war and more than 15 million people were killed.
It was the Mamluks. A Mamluk was a soldier who converted to Islam, and over the time that the military used, they became stronger and more powerful military. This was the only way and the only war that the Mongols lost.