B . Air that is breathed in
Helpful bacteria found in the gut are <u>not pathogens</u>.
Explanation:
An organism is said to be pathogenic if it can invade, grow and multiply in an individual host’s body and cause disease in the susceptible host’s body by evading the immune system of the host.
Viruses belong to obligate pathogen because they require the cellular machinery of the host’s body to grow and replicate and thereby will cause disease in the host.
Disease-causing bacteria are pathogenic like Salmonella, C. difficile, etc.
Helpful bacteria of the gut also called the human gastroinstestinal or gut microbiota, or the gut flora are those bacteria living in the digestive system of the body and improve the gut health. Gut bacteria like Lactobacillus generally help by:
- Forms a central line of resistance or barrier and prevents exogenous bacterial colonization and protects the intestinal mucosa from other pathogens
- Help in fermentation of undigested or nondigestible food or carbohydrates like large polysaccharides of cellulose, pectin etc.
- Gut bacteria belonging to the commensal bacteria help by digesting the available unused nutrients in the body
- Gut bacteria help in the synthesis of certain vitamins
The “powerhouses” of the cell, mitochondria are oval-shaped organelles found in most eukaryotic cells. As the site of cellular respiration, mitochondria serve to transform molecules such as glucose into an energy molecule known as ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
The process of osmosis is the movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
If 1% sugar solution is placed in pure water, then there would be a higher concentration of water molecules outside the cell compared to inside the cell. The solution outside the cell would be hypo-tonic (containing fewer solute molecules than inside the cell). Water will move into the cell by inward osmosis and the cell would then swell.
